BATILI KAYNAKLAR IŞIĞINDA AMERİKA-JAPON İLİŞKİLERİ 1853-1858 AMERİCAN-JAPANESE RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF WESTERN SOURCES 1853-1858

Year 2017, Issue: 9, 189 - 202, 01.06.2017

Ayhan Kuşculuo

Abstract

Tokugawa Şogunluğu, Japon limanlarını yaklaşık 230 sene boyunca yabancı ülkelere kapatarak sadece Çin ve Hollanda ile sınırlı ticari ilişkiler sürdürdü. 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren İngiltere, Rusya ve Amerika gibi ülkeler bu ticarete dahil olmak amacıyla bazı girişimlerde bulundular. 1853’de Amerika Başkanı Millard Fillmore dört savaş gemisi eşliğinde Mattew C. Perry adındaki elçisini Japonya’ya gönderdi. Perry, bu sefer sırasında başkan tarafından yazılmış olan mektubu Tokugawa yönetimine teslim ederek, bir sene sonra tekrar gelmek üzere Japonya’dan ayrıldı. Amerikan başkanı, göndermiş olduğu mektupta Japon limanlarının ticaret, ikmal ve zorunlu haller için kendilerine açılmasını talep ediyordu. Bu mektuba verilecek cevap konusunda Japonya içerisinde farklı görüşler ortaya çıktı. Ancak Şogun Amerikalılara askeri olarak karşı koymanın mümkün olmadığını düşündüğü için bu mektuba olumlu cevap vermek zorunda kaldı. Bu cevap Kanagawa antlaşması ile resmi hale sokuldu. Fakat bu antlaşma ile yetinmeyen Amerikan Hükümeti, başkonsolos olarak görevlendirdiği Towsend Harris’in gayretleriyle, 1858 yılında Tokugawa Şogunluğu ile yeni bir antlaşma yaptı. Bu antlaşmayla Amerikalılar tek taraflı geniş imtiyazlar kazandılar. Tokugawa Şogunluğu, kısa bir süre sonra, Amerika’nın tesiriyle pek çok batılı ülkeye de aynı imtiyazları tanımak zorunda kaldı.

Keywords

Japonya, Amerika, Şogun, Perry, Harris

AMERİCAN-JAPANESE RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF WESTERN SOURCES 1853-1858 BATILI KAYNAKLAR IŞIĞINDA AMERİKA-JAPON İLİŞKİLERİ 1853-1858

Abstract

Tokugawa Shogunate closed Japanese ports for about 230 years to the foreign countries, maintaining only commercial relations with China and the Netherlands. From the first half of the nineteenth century, countries such as England, Russia and the United States had some initiatives to have been involved in this business. In the year of 1853, the USA President Millard Fillmore sent an ambassador named Mattew C. Perry to Japan for four battleships. Perry had handed over the letter which was written by the president during that time to the Tokugawa administration and left Japan to come back a year later. The American president demanded that Japanese ports being opened to the trade, replenishment and mandatory status in the letter to which they had been sent. There were different opinions within Japan regarding the answer to this letter. However, this letter had to give a positive answer, since it was not possible to counter the military against the Shogun American. This answer was formalized by the Kanagawa agreement. However, the American government, not satisfied with this agreement, made a new deal with Tokugawa Shogun in the year of 1858 with the efforts of Towsend Harris, who was appointed Consul General. By this agreement, Americans gain unilateral broad privileges. Tokugawa Shogunate soon has to recognize the same privileges for many western countries under American influence.

Keywords

Japan, America, Shogun, Perry, Haris

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