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ULUSLARARSI TİCARETTE DEĞİŞİM: KÜRESELLEŞME VE ÜRETİMİN PARÇALARA AYRILMASI

Year 2016, Issue: 5, 51 - 62, 01.09.2016

Abstract

Son yirmi yılda küresel ticarette hızlı bir büyümeye tanık olduk. Teknoloji ve özellikle yeni gelişen ülkelerde yeni oyuncular uluslararası ticaretin kalıplarını değiştirdiler. Üretim süreçleri işletmeler ve ülkeler arasında gittikça daha fazla parçalara ayrıldı ve ticaret artan şekilde “sorumluluklar ticareti” olarak nitelendirilmeye başlandı. Bugün, şirketler işlemlerini, ürünün tasarımından parçaların üretimine, montajından pazarlanmasına kadar, uluslararası üretim zinciri oluşturacak şekilde, tüm dünyaya bölmüşlerdir. Gittikçe daha fazla ürün, İngiliz malı, Fransız malı olmaktan çok “Dünya Malı”dır. Ara mallar ticaret hacmi parçalar ve tamamlanmamış ürünün alt parçaları son yıllarda hızla arttı ve ülke dışı mal ve hizmet üretimi hızlandı. Bu, üretimin parçalara ayrılması ya da üretimde dikey uzmanlaşma olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu aşamada ülke dışı üretim küresel üretim zincirlerini ayrıca güçlendirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; küresel üretim zincirleri ve “Dünya Üretimi” fikri içerisinde üretimin parçalara ayrılması olgusunun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için teorik çerçeve oluşturmaktır.

References

  • Escaith, Hubert; Nannette Lindenberg and Sébastien Miroudot, (2010). International Supply Chains and Trade Elasticity in Times of Global Crisis, WTO, Staff Working Paper ERSD- 2010-08
  • Ferrantino, Michael J. (2012). Using Supply Chain Analysis to Examine the Costs of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) and the Benefits of Trade Facilitation, World Trade Organization, Staff Working Paper ERSD-2012-02, p.1
  • Gereffi, Gary, John Humphrey and Timothy Sturgeon (2005). The Governance of Global Value Chains, Review of International Political Economy 12:1 February 2005: 78–104
  • Isakson, Henrik; (2011). National Board of Trade, Made in Sweden? A New Perspective on the Relationship between Sweden’s Exports and Imports. Stockholm, Sweden
  • Jara, Alejandro; (2011). Trade isolationism is not an option, http://www.wto.org/english/ news_e/ news11_e/ddg_19 oct11_e.htm.
  • Jyrki Ali-Yrkkö & Petri Rouvinen & Timo Seppälä & Pekka Ylä-Anttila, (2011). Who Captures Value in Global Supply Chains? Case Nokia N95 Smartphone, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Springer, vol. 11(3), pages 263-278, September.
  • Lamy, Pascal; (2011). Message of Director General, 2011_04_11, http://www.wto.org/english/ res_e/statis_e/miwi_e/background paper_e. htm.
  • Maurer, Andreas and Christophe Degain, (2010). Globalization and trade flows: what you see is not what you get World Trade Organization Staff Working Paper ERSD-2010-12
  • Maurer, Andreas, (2011). Trade in value added: what is the country of origin in an interconnected world? http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/miwi_ e/background paper_e. htm
  • Oecd, (2005). Handbook on Economic Globalization Indicators – ISBN 92-64-10808-4, p.11.
  • Oecd, (2007). Offshoring and Employment: Trends and Impacts – ISBN-978-92-64-03092-3, p.15. Rugwabiza, Valentine (2011). Protectionism will hurt global growth, http://www.wto.org/english/ news_e/news11_e/ddg_4nov11_e.htm.
  • Wto, (2009). “International Trade Statistics 2009”, p. 2.
  • Wto, (2010). Globalization of Industrial Production Chains and Measurement of Trade in Value Added, Conference Proceedings, 15 October 2010, Paris.
  • Wto, (2011). Trade Patterns and Global Value Chains in East Asia: From trade in goods to trade in tasks. http://www.wto.org/stat_tradepat_globalchains_e.pdf

CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: GLOBALIZATION AND FRAGMENTATION OF PRODUCTION

Year 2016, Issue: 5, 51 - 62, 01.09.2016

Abstract

The last two decades we have witnessed a rapid growth in global trade. Technology and new players, in particular emerging countries, have changed the pattern of international trade. Production processes are more and more fragmented across firms and countries, and commerce is increasingly characterized by trade in tasks. Thanks to global value chains, production has turned truly international. Today, companies divide their operations across the world, from the design of the product and manufacturing of components to assembly and marketing, creating international production chains. More and more products are “Made in the World” rather than “Made in the UK” or “Made in France”. The volume of trade in intermediate goods components and subparts of unfinished products has risen sharply in recent decades, and the off shoring of goods and even services has accelerated - this is referred to as production fragmentation, or vertical specialization of production. The off shoring of these stages gives extra strength to truly global production chains. The purpose of this study is to generate a theoretical framework for better understanding about the global value chains and fragmentation of production especially “Made in the World” notion.

References

  • Escaith, Hubert; Nannette Lindenberg and Sébastien Miroudot, (2010). International Supply Chains and Trade Elasticity in Times of Global Crisis, WTO, Staff Working Paper ERSD- 2010-08
  • Ferrantino, Michael J. (2012). Using Supply Chain Analysis to Examine the Costs of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) and the Benefits of Trade Facilitation, World Trade Organization, Staff Working Paper ERSD-2012-02, p.1
  • Gereffi, Gary, John Humphrey and Timothy Sturgeon (2005). The Governance of Global Value Chains, Review of International Political Economy 12:1 February 2005: 78–104
  • Isakson, Henrik; (2011). National Board of Trade, Made in Sweden? A New Perspective on the Relationship between Sweden’s Exports and Imports. Stockholm, Sweden
  • Jara, Alejandro; (2011). Trade isolationism is not an option, http://www.wto.org/english/ news_e/ news11_e/ddg_19 oct11_e.htm.
  • Jyrki Ali-Yrkkö & Petri Rouvinen & Timo Seppälä & Pekka Ylä-Anttila, (2011). Who Captures Value in Global Supply Chains? Case Nokia N95 Smartphone, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Springer, vol. 11(3), pages 263-278, September.
  • Lamy, Pascal; (2011). Message of Director General, 2011_04_11, http://www.wto.org/english/ res_e/statis_e/miwi_e/background paper_e. htm.
  • Maurer, Andreas and Christophe Degain, (2010). Globalization and trade flows: what you see is not what you get World Trade Organization Staff Working Paper ERSD-2010-12
  • Maurer, Andreas, (2011). Trade in value added: what is the country of origin in an interconnected world? http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/miwi_ e/background paper_e. htm
  • Oecd, (2005). Handbook on Economic Globalization Indicators – ISBN 92-64-10808-4, p.11.
  • Oecd, (2007). Offshoring and Employment: Trends and Impacts – ISBN-978-92-64-03092-3, p.15. Rugwabiza, Valentine (2011). Protectionism will hurt global growth, http://www.wto.org/english/ news_e/news11_e/ddg_4nov11_e.htm.
  • Wto, (2009). “International Trade Statistics 2009”, p. 2.
  • Wto, (2010). Globalization of Industrial Production Chains and Measurement of Trade in Value Added, Conference Proceedings, 15 October 2010, Paris.
  • Wto, (2011). Trade Patterns and Global Value Chains in East Asia: From trade in goods to trade in tasks. http://www.wto.org/stat_tradepat_globalchains_e.pdf
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sadettin Gültekin This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Gültekin, S. (2016). CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: GLOBALIZATION AND FRAGMENTATION OF PRODUCTION. Kesit Akademi Dergisi(5), 51-62.