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Beyond the Lipid-lowering Effects of Statins: Renal Effects

Year 2017, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 240 - 247, 03.12.2017

Abstract

Nowadays
statins, 3 hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase enzyme
inhibitors, are used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Statins have been
shown to decrease cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in both coronary
artery disease and peripheral arterial disease. Besides their lipid-lowering
effects, statins have pleiotropic effects such as improvement of endothelial
dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaques stabilization, oxidative stress
inhibition, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombogenic effects. Some clinical
trials have revealed that statin therapy improved renal function. On the other
hand, statins have been shown to have no beneficial effects in many studies in
renal function. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the effects of statins on
renal function.

References

  • 1. Zhang X, Xiang C, Zhou YH, Jiang A, Qin YY, He J. Effect of statins on cardiovascular events inpatients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:19.
  • 2. Koren MJ, Davidson MH, Wilson DJ, Fayyad RS, Zuckerman A, Reed DP. Focused atorvastatin therapy in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;53:741-50.
  • 3. Istvan ES, Deisenhofer J. Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Science 2001;292:1160-4.
  • 4. Laufs U, Liao JK. Isoprenoid metabolism and the pleitropic effectsof statins. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003;5:372-8.
  • 5. Waldman A, Kritharides L. The pleiotropic effects of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors:their role in osteoporosis and dementia. Drugs 2003;63:139-52.
  • 6. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, Pehlivanidis AN, Bouloukos VI, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipideamia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:728-34.
  • 7. Guijarro C, Kasiske BL, Kim Y, O’Donnell MP, Lee HS, Keane WF. Early glomerular changes in rats with dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;26:152-61.
  • 8. Moorhead JF. Lipids and progressive renal disease. Kidney Int 1991;39:35-40.
  • 9. O’Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Kim Y, Schmitz PG, Keane WF. Lovastatin retards the progression of established glomerular disease in obese Zucker rats. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;22:83-9.
  • 10. Liao JK, Laufs U. Pleiotropic effects of statin. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:89-118.
  • 11. Weitz-Schmidt G, Welzenbach K, Brinkmann V, Kamata T, Kallen J, Bruns C, et al. Statins selectively inhibit leukocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatary integrin site. Nat Med 2001;7:687-92.
  • 12. Chan KY, Boucher ES, Gandhi PJ, Silva MA. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for lowering elevated levels of C-reactive protein. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004;61:1676-81.
  • 13. Danesh FR, Anel RL, Zeng L, Lomasney J, Sahai A, Kanwar YS. Immunomodulatory effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2003;51:139-48.
  • 14. Blanco-Colio LM, Tuñón J, Martín-Ventura JL, Egido J. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins. Kidney Int 2003;63:12-23.
  • 15. John ME, Cockcroft JR, McKeever TM, Coward WR, Shale DJ, Johnson SR, et al. Cardiovascular and inflammatory effects of simvastatin therapy in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 29;10:211-21.
  • 16. Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stres. Circ Res 2000;87:840-4.
  • 17. Zhou Q, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins. -Basic research and clinical perspectives-. Circ J 2010;74:818-26.
  • 18. Werner N, Priller J, Laufs U, Endres M, Böhm M, Dirnagl U, et al. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells modulate vascular reendothelialization and neointimal formation: effect of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1567-72.
  • 19. Epstein M, Campese VM. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors on renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45:2-14.
  • 20. Rikitake Y, Kawashima S, Takeshita S, Yamashita T, Azumi H, Yasuhara M, et al. Anti-oxidative properties of fluvastatin, an HMG-Co A reductase inhibitor, contribute to prevention of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbit. Atherosclerosis 2001;154: 87-96.
  • 21. Koh KK. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on hemostasis. Int J of Cardiology 2000;76:23-32.
  • 22. Mason JC. Statins and their role in vascular protection. Clinical Science 2003;105:251-66.
  • 23. Kaya A, Kurt M, Tanboğa IH, Işık T, Ekinci M, Aksakal E, at al. Rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin to prevent contrast induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (ROSA-cIN trial). Acta Cardiol 2013;68:488-94.
  • 24. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, at al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (study of heart and renal protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:2181-92.
  • 25. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, Hillege HL, van Boven AJ, Janssen WM, Voors AA, et al. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation 2004;110:2809-16.
  • 26. Lemas PA, Serruys PW, de Feyter P, Mercado NF, Goedhart D, Saia F, et al. Long-term fluvastatin reduces the hazardous effect of renal impairment on four-year atherosclerotic outcomes (a LIPS substudy). Am J Cardiol 2005;95:445-51.
  • 27. Ridker PM, MacFadyen J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ. Efficacy of rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate chronic kidney disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a secondary analysis from the JUPITER (justification for the use of statins in prevention-an intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1266-73.
  • 28. Atthobari J, Brantsma AH, Gansevoor RT, Visser ST, Asselbergs FW, Wiek GH, et al. The effect of statins on urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate: results from both a randomized clinical trial and an observational cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:3106-14.
  • 29. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-16.
  • 30. Inoue T, Ikeda H, Nakamura T, Abe S, Taguchi I, Kikuchi M, et al. Potential benefit of statin therapy for dyslipidemia with chronic kidney disease: Fluvastatin Renal Evaluation Trial (FRET). Intern Med 2011;50:1273-8.
  • 31. Siddiqi FS, Advoni A. Endothelial podocyte cross talk: the missing limk between endothelial dysfunction and albuminüria in diabetes. Diabetes 2013;62:3647-55.
  • 32. Caramori ML, Fioretto P, Mauer M. The need for early predictors of diabeticnephropathy risk: is albumin excretion rate sufficient? Diabetes 2000;49:1399-400.
  • 33. Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Statins can improve proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate loss in chronic kidney disease patients, further reducing cardiovascular risk. Fact or fiction? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015;16:1449-61.
  • 34. Takazakura A, Sakurai M , Bando Y , Misu H, Takeshita Y , Kita Y, et al. Renoprotective effects of atorvastatin compared with pravastatin on progression of early diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Invest 2015;6:346-53
  • 35. Douglas K, OMalley PG, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: the effect of statins on albuminuria. Ann Intern Med 2006;18;145:117-24.
  • 36. Tonelli M. Do statins protect the kidney by reducing proteinuria. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:147-9.
  • 37. Rigas G, Kalaitzidis MS. The role of statins in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2011;34:195-220.
  • 38. Linda FF. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) on progression of kidney disease. Kidney Int 2008;74:571-16.
  • 39. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2006-16.
  • 40. Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, Perkovic V, Pellegrini F, Nicolucci A, et al. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2008;336:645-51.
  • 41. Oberg BP, Mcmenamin E, Lucas F, Mcmonagle E, Morrow J, İkizler A, at al. Prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2004;65:1009-16.
  • 42. Abrass CK. Cellular lipid metabolism and the role of lipids in progressive renal disease. Am J Nephrol 2004;24:46-53.
  • 43. Dormuth CR, Hemmelgarn BR, Paterson JM, James MT, Teare GF, Raymond CB, et al. Use of high potency statins and rates of admission for acute kidney injury: multicenter retrospective observational analysis of administrative databases. BMJ 2013;346:880.
  • 44. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011;32:1769-818.
  • 45. Corrao G, Soranna D, Casula M, Merlino L, Porcellini MG, Alberico L, et al. High- potency statins increase the risk of acute kidney injury: Evidence from a large population- based study. Atherosclerosis 2014;234:224-9.
  • 46. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Ambrose MS, Kuvin JT, Karas RH. The safety of rosuvastatin as used in common clinical practice: a postmarketing analysis. Circulation 2005;111:3051-7.
  • 47. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein J, et al. Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating JUPITER study group. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2195-207.
  • 48. Molnar AO, Coca SG, Devereaux PJ, Jain AK, Kitchlu A, Luo J, et al. Statin use associates with a lower incidence of acute kidney injury after major elective surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:939-46.
  • 49. Goldenberg I, Matetzky S. Nephropathy induced by contrast media: pathogenesis, risk factors and preventive strategies. CMAJ 2005;172:1461-71.
  • 50. Ichiki T, Takeda K, Tokunou T, Iino N, Egashira K, Shimokawa H, at al. Downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor by hydrophobic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1896-901.
  • 51. Davignon J. Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins. Circulation 2004;109:39-43.
  • 52. Zhao JL, Yang YJ, Zhang YH, You SJ, Wu YJ, Gao RL. Effect of statins on contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 2008;126:435-6.
  • 53. Wassmann S, Faul A, Hennen B, Scheller B, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Rapid effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition on coronary endothelial function. Circ Res 2003;93:98-103.
  • 54. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Napoli C, Lerman A. Statin effects beyond lipid lowering--are they clinically relevant? Eur Heart J 2003;24:225-48.
  • 55. Mason JC, Ahmed Z, Mankoff R, Lidington EA, Ahmad S, Bhatia V, et al. Statin-induced expression of decay-accelerating factor protects vascular endothelium against complement-mediated injury. Circ Res 2002;91:696-703.
  • 56. Gueler F, Rang S, Park JK, Fiebeler A, Menne J, Elger M, at al. Post ischemic acute renal failure is reduced by short term statin treatment in a rat model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:2288-98.
  • 57. Ichiki T, Takeda K, Tokunou T, Lino N, Egashira K, Shimokawa H, et al. Dowregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor by hydrophobic 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1896-901.
  • 58. Cao S, Wang P, Cui K, Zhang L, Hou Y. Atorvastatin prevents contrast agent-induced renal injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography by inhibiting oxidative stress. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2012;32:1600-2.
  • 59. Al-Otaibi KE, Al Elaiwi AM, Tariq M, Al-Asmari AK. Simvastatin attenuates contrast-induced nephropathy through modulation of oxidative stress, proinflammatory myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012;2012:831748.
  • 60. Han Y, Zhu G, Han L, Hou F, Huang W, Liu H, et al. Short-term rosuvastatin therapy for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:62-70.
  • 61. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. European Heart Journal doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu278
  • 62. Mullins CD, Rattinger GB, Kuznik A, Koren MJ. Cost-effectiveness of intensive atorvastatin treatment in high-risk patients compared with usual care in a postgeneric statin market: economic analysis of the Aggressive Lipid lowering Initiation Abates New Cardiac Events (ALLIANCE) study. Clin Ther 2008;30(Pt 2):2204-16.
  • 63. Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moyé LA, Brown L, Rouleau JL, Hartley LH, et al. Cholesterol and recurrent events: a secondary prevention trial for normolipidemic patients. CARE Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:98C-106C.
  • 64. Mihaylova B, Schlackow I, Herrington W, Lozano-Kühne J, Kent S, Emberson J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of simvastatin plus ezetimibe for cardiovascular prevention in CKD: results of the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP). Am J Kidney Dis 2015;pii:S0272-6386(15)01251-2.

Statinlerin Lipit Düşürücü Etkilerinin Ötesi: Renal Etkileri

Year 2017, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 240 - 247, 03.12.2017

Abstract

Statin
3-hidroksi-3-metilglutaril CoA (HMG CoA) redüktaz enzim inhibitörü olarak
günümüzde hiperlipidemi tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle
koroner arter hastalığı ve periferik arter hastalığında morbidite ve
mortaliteyi azalttığı gösterilmiştir. Aynı zamanda aterosklerotik plak
stabilizasyonu, endotel fonksiyonunu iyileştirme, oksidatif stres, inflamasyon
ve tromboza yanıtın inhibisyonu gibi pleiotropik etkileri de bulunmaktadır.
Statinin kanıtlanmış birçok yararlı etkisinin olmasının yanında, özellikle
böbrek fonksiyonları üzerine etkisiyle ilgili çalışmalarda çelişkili sonuçlar
bulunmaktadır. Bazı klinik çalışmalarda statinin böbrek fonksiyonları üzerine
faydalı olduğu saptanmışken, birçok çalışmada da faydalı etkisinin olmadığı gösterilmiştir.
Biz bu derlemede statin ile akut, kronik ve kontrasta bağlı nefropati
ilişkilerini araştıran çalışmaları inceleyerek, statinin böbrek fonksiyonları
üzerine etkisini değerlendirmeye çalıştık.

References

  • 1. Zhang X, Xiang C, Zhou YH, Jiang A, Qin YY, He J. Effect of statins on cardiovascular events inpatients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:19.
  • 2. Koren MJ, Davidson MH, Wilson DJ, Fayyad RS, Zuckerman A, Reed DP. Focused atorvastatin therapy in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;53:741-50.
  • 3. Istvan ES, Deisenhofer J. Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Science 2001;292:1160-4.
  • 4. Laufs U, Liao JK. Isoprenoid metabolism and the pleitropic effectsof statins. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003;5:372-8.
  • 5. Waldman A, Kritharides L. The pleiotropic effects of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors:their role in osteoporosis and dementia. Drugs 2003;63:139-52.
  • 6. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, Pehlivanidis AN, Bouloukos VI, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipideamia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:728-34.
  • 7. Guijarro C, Kasiske BL, Kim Y, O’Donnell MP, Lee HS, Keane WF. Early glomerular changes in rats with dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;26:152-61.
  • 8. Moorhead JF. Lipids and progressive renal disease. Kidney Int 1991;39:35-40.
  • 9. O’Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Kim Y, Schmitz PG, Keane WF. Lovastatin retards the progression of established glomerular disease in obese Zucker rats. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;22:83-9.
  • 10. Liao JK, Laufs U. Pleiotropic effects of statin. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:89-118.
  • 11. Weitz-Schmidt G, Welzenbach K, Brinkmann V, Kamata T, Kallen J, Bruns C, et al. Statins selectively inhibit leukocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatary integrin site. Nat Med 2001;7:687-92.
  • 12. Chan KY, Boucher ES, Gandhi PJ, Silva MA. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for lowering elevated levels of C-reactive protein. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004;61:1676-81.
  • 13. Danesh FR, Anel RL, Zeng L, Lomasney J, Sahai A, Kanwar YS. Immunomodulatory effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2003;51:139-48.
  • 14. Blanco-Colio LM, Tuñón J, Martín-Ventura JL, Egido J. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins. Kidney Int 2003;63:12-23.
  • 15. John ME, Cockcroft JR, McKeever TM, Coward WR, Shale DJ, Johnson SR, et al. Cardiovascular and inflammatory effects of simvastatin therapy in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 29;10:211-21.
  • 16. Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stres. Circ Res 2000;87:840-4.
  • 17. Zhou Q, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins. -Basic research and clinical perspectives-. Circ J 2010;74:818-26.
  • 18. Werner N, Priller J, Laufs U, Endres M, Böhm M, Dirnagl U, et al. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells modulate vascular reendothelialization and neointimal formation: effect of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1567-72.
  • 19. Epstein M, Campese VM. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors on renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45:2-14.
  • 20. Rikitake Y, Kawashima S, Takeshita S, Yamashita T, Azumi H, Yasuhara M, et al. Anti-oxidative properties of fluvastatin, an HMG-Co A reductase inhibitor, contribute to prevention of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbit. Atherosclerosis 2001;154: 87-96.
  • 21. Koh KK. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on hemostasis. Int J of Cardiology 2000;76:23-32.
  • 22. Mason JC. Statins and their role in vascular protection. Clinical Science 2003;105:251-66.
  • 23. Kaya A, Kurt M, Tanboğa IH, Işık T, Ekinci M, Aksakal E, at al. Rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin to prevent contrast induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (ROSA-cIN trial). Acta Cardiol 2013;68:488-94.
  • 24. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, at al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (study of heart and renal protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:2181-92.
  • 25. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, Hillege HL, van Boven AJ, Janssen WM, Voors AA, et al. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation 2004;110:2809-16.
  • 26. Lemas PA, Serruys PW, de Feyter P, Mercado NF, Goedhart D, Saia F, et al. Long-term fluvastatin reduces the hazardous effect of renal impairment on four-year atherosclerotic outcomes (a LIPS substudy). Am J Cardiol 2005;95:445-51.
  • 27. Ridker PM, MacFadyen J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ. Efficacy of rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate chronic kidney disease and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a secondary analysis from the JUPITER (justification for the use of statins in prevention-an intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1266-73.
  • 28. Atthobari J, Brantsma AH, Gansevoor RT, Visser ST, Asselbergs FW, Wiek GH, et al. The effect of statins on urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate: results from both a randomized clinical trial and an observational cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:3106-14.
  • 29. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-16.
  • 30. Inoue T, Ikeda H, Nakamura T, Abe S, Taguchi I, Kikuchi M, et al. Potential benefit of statin therapy for dyslipidemia with chronic kidney disease: Fluvastatin Renal Evaluation Trial (FRET). Intern Med 2011;50:1273-8.
  • 31. Siddiqi FS, Advoni A. Endothelial podocyte cross talk: the missing limk between endothelial dysfunction and albuminüria in diabetes. Diabetes 2013;62:3647-55.
  • 32. Caramori ML, Fioretto P, Mauer M. The need for early predictors of diabeticnephropathy risk: is albumin excretion rate sufficient? Diabetes 2000;49:1399-400.
  • 33. Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Statins can improve proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate loss in chronic kidney disease patients, further reducing cardiovascular risk. Fact or fiction? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015;16:1449-61.
  • 34. Takazakura A, Sakurai M , Bando Y , Misu H, Takeshita Y , Kita Y, et al. Renoprotective effects of atorvastatin compared with pravastatin on progression of early diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Invest 2015;6:346-53
  • 35. Douglas K, OMalley PG, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: the effect of statins on albuminuria. Ann Intern Med 2006;18;145:117-24.
  • 36. Tonelli M. Do statins protect the kidney by reducing proteinuria. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:147-9.
  • 37. Rigas G, Kalaitzidis MS. The role of statins in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2011;34:195-220.
  • 38. Linda FF. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) on progression of kidney disease. Kidney Int 2008;74:571-16.
  • 39. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2006-16.
  • 40. Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, Perkovic V, Pellegrini F, Nicolucci A, et al. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2008;336:645-51.
  • 41. Oberg BP, Mcmenamin E, Lucas F, Mcmonagle E, Morrow J, İkizler A, at al. Prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2004;65:1009-16.
  • 42. Abrass CK. Cellular lipid metabolism and the role of lipids in progressive renal disease. Am J Nephrol 2004;24:46-53.
  • 43. Dormuth CR, Hemmelgarn BR, Paterson JM, James MT, Teare GF, Raymond CB, et al. Use of high potency statins and rates of admission for acute kidney injury: multicenter retrospective observational analysis of administrative databases. BMJ 2013;346:880.
  • 44. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011;32:1769-818.
  • 45. Corrao G, Soranna D, Casula M, Merlino L, Porcellini MG, Alberico L, et al. High- potency statins increase the risk of acute kidney injury: Evidence from a large population- based study. Atherosclerosis 2014;234:224-9.
  • 46. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Ambrose MS, Kuvin JT, Karas RH. The safety of rosuvastatin as used in common clinical practice: a postmarketing analysis. Circulation 2005;111:3051-7.
  • 47. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein J, et al. Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating JUPITER study group. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2195-207.
  • 48. Molnar AO, Coca SG, Devereaux PJ, Jain AK, Kitchlu A, Luo J, et al. Statin use associates with a lower incidence of acute kidney injury after major elective surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:939-46.
  • 49. Goldenberg I, Matetzky S. Nephropathy induced by contrast media: pathogenesis, risk factors and preventive strategies. CMAJ 2005;172:1461-71.
  • 50. Ichiki T, Takeda K, Tokunou T, Iino N, Egashira K, Shimokawa H, at al. Downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor by hydrophobic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1896-901.
  • 51. Davignon J. Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins. Circulation 2004;109:39-43.
  • 52. Zhao JL, Yang YJ, Zhang YH, You SJ, Wu YJ, Gao RL. Effect of statins on contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 2008;126:435-6.
  • 53. Wassmann S, Faul A, Hennen B, Scheller B, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Rapid effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition on coronary endothelial function. Circ Res 2003;93:98-103.
  • 54. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Napoli C, Lerman A. Statin effects beyond lipid lowering--are they clinically relevant? Eur Heart J 2003;24:225-48.
  • 55. Mason JC, Ahmed Z, Mankoff R, Lidington EA, Ahmad S, Bhatia V, et al. Statin-induced expression of decay-accelerating factor protects vascular endothelium against complement-mediated injury. Circ Res 2002;91:696-703.
  • 56. Gueler F, Rang S, Park JK, Fiebeler A, Menne J, Elger M, at al. Post ischemic acute renal failure is reduced by short term statin treatment in a rat model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:2288-98.
  • 57. Ichiki T, Takeda K, Tokunou T, Lino N, Egashira K, Shimokawa H, et al. Dowregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor by hydrophobic 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1896-901.
  • 58. Cao S, Wang P, Cui K, Zhang L, Hou Y. Atorvastatin prevents contrast agent-induced renal injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography by inhibiting oxidative stress. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2012;32:1600-2.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Review
Authors

Yasemin Kaya

Ahmet Kaya This is me

Osman Bekataş This is me

Publication Date December 3, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 20 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Kaya Y, Kaya A, Bekataş O. Beyond the Lipid-lowering Effects of Statins: Renal Effects. Koşuyolu Heart Journal. 2017;20(3):240-7.