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ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HARM WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: EXISTING CRIMES AND THE POSSIBILITY OF EXPANSION

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 727 - 749
https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.05.02.010

Abstract

Peace and security are no longer concepts confined to the cessation or prevention of armed conflicts between states. True and sustainable peace can only be achieved where individuals have effective access to fundamental rights and freedoms, human dignity is respected, justice is upheld, and living conditions meet humane standards. In today’s world, the concept of security has evolved into a multidimensional phenomenon. Since the late 20th century, growing environmental threats have made it clear that security cannot be limited to military concerns. Issues such as the depletion of natural resources, climate change, biodiversity loss, deforestation, ocean pollution, and other ecological crises are not only environmental problems—they also present significant security challenges. These phenomena undermine access to basic needs, such as clean water and food, disrupt livelihoods, intensify climate-induced migration, and increase the frequency of natural disasters. As a result, they pose threats to social stability, economic resilience, and even the survival of states. Environmental degradation contributes to conflict risks and cross-border instability, especially through forced migration triggered by droughts, famine, and extreme weather events. Given that many environmental problems are human-induced and preventable, they must also be addressed through frameworks of criminal accountability. This study examines how international criminal law, particularly within the framework of the International Criminal Court, currently addresses environmental harm. It evaluates whether existing crime categories can accommodate serious environmental damage and identifies the legal and institutional shortcomings of the current system. Ultimately, the study argues for stronger accountability mechanisms to ensure environmental destruction is treated not only as an ecological issue, but as a matter of international criminal and humanitarian concern—essential to sustaining global peace and security.

References

  • Aksar, Yusuf. Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku. 1. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2022.
  • Bozkurt, Kutluhan. “Uluslararası Hukuk ve Ekokırım Suçlar Ekseninde Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşına İlişkin Değerlendirmeler”. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20, sy 2 (2023): 2.
  • “Brazil indigenous group accuses Bolsonaro of ‘genocide’ and ‘ecocide’ | The Independent”. Erişim 06 Haziran 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/brazil-indigenous-icc-bolsonaro-genocide-b1900078.html.
  • “Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, 10 December 1976.” Erişim 07 Haziran 2023. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/enmod-1976/, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/enmod-1976/understandings.
  • Çoban, Aykut. “Ekosoykırım: Ekokırımla Soykırımın İç İçe Geçmesi”. İçinde Sosyo Ekolojik Bir Toplum İçin Ne Yapmalı, editör H Yurdanur. İmge, 2024.
  • Değirmenci, Olgun ve Ali Mavuş. Uluslararası Ceza Hukukunda Saldırı Suçu. 1. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Drumbl, Mark A. “Waging War Against the World: The Need to Move from War Crimes to Environmental Crimes”. Fordham International Law Journal 22, sy 1 (1998): 122-53.
  • Durney, Jessica. “Crafting a Standard: Environmental Crimes as Crimes against Humanity under the International Criminal Court”. Hastings Environmental Law Journal 24, sy 2 (2018): 413-30.
  • Dursun Özdemir, Gizem. “Ekokırım Suçu ve Bazı Değerlendirmeler”. Terazi Hukuk Dergisi 18, sy 203 (2023): 74-83.
  • Falk, Richard A. “Environmental Warfare and Ecocide – Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals”. Bulletin of Peace Proposals 4, sy 1 (1973): 80-96. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44480206.
  • “Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia”. Erişim 07 Haziran 2023. https://www.icty.org/en/press/final-report-prosecutor-committee-established-review-nato-bombing-campaign-against-federal.
  • Gauger, Anja, Mai Pouye Rabatel-Fernel, Louise Kulbicki, Damien Short, ve Polly Higgins. “Ecocide is the missing 5th Crime Against Peace”. Human Rights Consortium, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2012.
  • “Goverment of the Republic of Vanuatu Statement by H. E. John H. Licht Ambassador of the Republic of Vanuatu to the European Union”. General Debate of the 18th Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Aralık 2019.
  • “Groundbreaking Study Quantifies Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries”. Text. 31 Mayıs 2023. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2023-05-31-groundbreaking-study-quantifies-safe-and-just-earth-system-boundaries.html.
  • Gürseler, Ceren. “Ukrayna Krizi ve Ekokırım: Çevresel Bozulmaların Güvenlikleştirilmesinde Son Adım”. İDEALKENT 13, sy 37 (2022): 37. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1126556.
  • Higgins, Polly. Eradicating Ecocide: Laws and Governance to Prevent the Destruction of Our Planet. Shepheard-Walwyn, 2010.
  • ICTR, Prosecutor v. Jean Kambanda, ICTR-97-23-S (4 Eylül 1998).
  • “Independent Expert Panel for the Legal Definition of Ecocide Commentary and Core Text”. Stop Ecocide Foundation, Haziran 2021. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ca2608ab914493c64ef1f6d/t/60d7479cf8e7e5461534dd07/1624721314430/SE+Foundation+Commentary+and+core+text+revised+%281%29.pdf.
  • Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. “Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts,Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Köybaşı, Serkan. “Ekokırım Suçunun Tanınması”. BUHFD 17, sy 210 (2022): 1047-85.
  • Kreß, Claus, ve Stefan Barriga, ed. “The Specificity of the Crime of Aggression”. İçinde The Crime of Aggression, 1. bs, kitap editörü Astrid Reisinger Coracini ve Pål Wrange. Cambridge University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139058360.013.
  • Millî, ırkî, dinî, kütleleri kısmen veya tamamen imha suçunun «Getıocide» önlenmesi ve cezalandırılması hakkındaki Sözleşmeye Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin de katılmasının onanmasına dair Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 5630, Kabul Tarihi: 23.03.1950, Resmi Gazete: 29.03.1950/7469.
  • Office of the Prosecutor. “Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation”. 15 Eylül 2016. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/policy-paper-case-selection-and-prioritisation.
  • Pereira, Paulo, Ferdo Bašić, Igor Bogunovic,ve Damia Barcelo. “Russian-Ukrainian War Impacts the Total Environment”. Science of The Total Environment 837 (Eylül 2022): 155865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155865.
  • Rawtani, Deepak, Gunjan Gupta, Nitasha Khatri, Piyush K. Rao, ve Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain. “Environmental Damages Due to War in Ukraine: A Perspective”. Science of The Total Environment 850 (Aralık 2022): 157932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157932.
  • Robinson, Darryl, Sergey Vasiliev, Elies Van Sliedregt, ve Valerie Oosterveld. An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure. Cambridge University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009466660.
  • Ross, Marc A. “Environmental Warfare and the Persian Gulf War: Possible Remedies to Combat Intentional Destruction of the Environment”. Penn State International Law Review 10, sy 3 (1992): 515-39.
  • Sandoz, Yves, Christophe Swinarski ve Bruno Zimmermann, ed. Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. International Committee of the Red Cross; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
  • “Scientists Say Planetary Boundaries Crossed | UNFCCC”. Erişim 09 Haziran 2023. https://unfccc.int/news/scientists-say-planetary-boundaries-crossed?gclid=CjwKCAjw-IWkBhBTEiwA2exyO5-jNe4PiNXL-VOE7MgIHk_lfCf4YqoxD39YYNfOrVvQGi8wQBODBhoCzeEQAvD_BwE.
  • Sharp, Peter. “Prospects for Environmental Liability in The International Criminal Court”. Virginia Environmental Law Journal 18, sy 2 (1999): 217-43.
  • Smith, Tara. “Creating a framework for the prosecution of environmental crimes in international criminal law COMPANION TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES, William Schabas, Yvonne McDermott, Niamh Hayes and Maria Varaki, eds., (2012).” Ashgate Publishers, 2011.
  • Stop Ecocide International. “Ukraine Justice Conference Addresses Ecocide Law”. 13 Mart 2023. https://www.stopecocide.earth/breaking-news-2023/ukraine-justice-conference-addresses-ecocide-law.
  • Stop Ecocide International. “What We Do”. 08 Haziran 2023. https://www.stopecocide.earth/what-we-do.
  • Stop Ecocide International. “Who We Are”. Erişim 08 Haziran 2023. https://www.stopecocide.earth/who-we-are-.
  • Tabur, Yeter ve Erdi Şafak. “Küresel İklim Krizi ile Mücadelede Uluslararası Hukukun Rolü ve Ekokırım Suçu”. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 13, sy 1 (2023): 1. https://doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1185455.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş, Mustafa Ruhan Erdem ve R. Murat Önok. Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku. 5. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2019.
  • “The States Parties to the Rome Statute | International Criminal Court”. Erişim 09 Haziran 2023. https://asp.icc-cpi.int/states-parties.
  • The United Nations War Crimes Commission. “Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals Volume VIII”. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1949. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/Law-Reports_Vol-8/Law-Reports_Vol-8.pdf.
  • Tomuschat, Christian. “Crimes Against the Environment”. Environmental Policy and Law 26, sy 6 (1996): 242-43. https://doi.org/10.3233/EPL-1996-26602.
  • Umar, Baba. “Brazil’s Bolsonaro Sued at ICC for ‘Genocide’, ‘Ecocide’”. Brazil’s Bolsonaro Sued at ICC for “Genocide”, “Ecocide”. Erişim 06 Haziran 2023. https://www.trtworld.com/americas/Baba Umar.
  • Uysal Oğuz, Ceren ve Canan Kışlalıoğlu. “Bolsonaro Döneminde Brezilya’nın Amazonlar Politikası”. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi 5, sy 1 (2022): 57-72.
  • Watts, Jonathan ve Jonathan Watts Global environment editor. “The ‘Silent Victim’: Ukraine Counts War’s Cost for Nature”. World News. The Guardian, 20 Şubat 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/20/ukraine-war-cost-for-nature-russia.
  • Whitaker, B. “Revised and Updated Report on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”. United Nations Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 1985.
  • Yılmaz, Ekrem. “Çevrenin Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku Bağlamında Korunması”. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, 2025.
  • “Yok olmanın eşiğinde: Bataklık Arapları”. Erişim 06 Haziran 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/arastirma/yok-olmanin-esiginde-bataklik-araplari/2160922.

ULUSLARARASI CEZA MAHKEMESİ KAPSAMINDA ÇEVRESEL ZARARLARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: MEVCUT SUÇLAR VE GENİŞLEME İHTİMALİ

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 727 - 749
https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.05.02.010

Abstract

Barış ve güvenlik, yalnızca devletler arasındaki silahlı çatışmaların sona erdirilmesi ya da önlenmesiyle sınırlı bir kavram değildir. Gerçek ve sürdürülebilir bir barış, bireylerin temel hak ve özgürlüklerine etkin biçimde erişebildiği, insan onuruna saygı gösterilen, adaletin sağlandığı ve yaşam koşullarının asgari insani standartların üzerinde olduğu bir düzlemde mümkün olabilir. Bu bağlamda, güvenlik olgusu günümüzde çok boyutlu bir nitelik kazanmıştır. Özellikle 20. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren artan çevresel tehditler, güvenlik kavramının yalnızca askeri tehditler ya da sınır ötesi silahlı saldırılarla sınırlı tutulamayacağını açıkça ortaya koymuştur. Doğal kaynakların tükenmesi, iklim değişikliği, biyoçeşitlilik kaybı, ormansızlaşma, okyanusların kirlenmesi ve çeşitli ekolojik krizler yalnızca çevresel bir mesele değil, aynı zamanda doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak bireylerin ve toplumların refahını, toplumsal istikrarı ve hatta devletlerin varlığını tehdit eden çok yönlü güvenlik sorunlarıdır. Çevresel tahribat, temel ihtiyaçların karşılanmasını engelleyen bir unsur haline gelmiştir. Su ve gıda güvenliği üzerindeki olumsuz etkiler, geçim kaynaklarının yok olması, iklim koşullarına bağlı göç hareketleri ve doğal afetlerin sıklığında yaşanan artış, yalnızca çevre hukuku veya kalkınma politikaları ile değil, aynı zamanda barış, insan hakları ve güvenlik ekseninde de ele alınması gereken bir sorunsal doğurmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çevresel zararın yalnızca ekosistemlere değil, aynı zamanda toplum yapısına, devlet mekanizmalarına ve uluslararası düzenin istikrarına yönelik ciddi etkileri olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Özellikle kuraklık, kıtlık ve aşırı iklim olaylarının neden olduğu zorunlu göç hareketleri, çatışma riskini artırmakta ve sınır ötesi güvenlik tehditlerini gündeme getirmektedir. Çevresel sorunların insan eliyle yaratılması ve önlenebilir nitelikte olması ise bu tehditlerin cezai sorumluluk yönüyle ele alınmasını da gerektirmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışma, çevresel zararların cezasız kalmasının önüne geçilmesi amacıyla uluslararası ceza hukukunun mevcut araçlarının değerlendirilmesini, boşlukların tespitini ve olası çözüm önerilerini ele almaktadır. Nihai hedef, çevresel yıkımın yalnızca çevresel değil, aynı zamanda cezai ve insani bir mesele olarak tanınmasını sağlamak ve böylece barış ve güvenliğin sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sunmaktır.

References

  • Aksar, Yusuf. Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku. 1. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2022.
  • Bozkurt, Kutluhan. “Uluslararası Hukuk ve Ekokırım Suçlar Ekseninde Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşına İlişkin Değerlendirmeler”. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20, sy 2 (2023): 2.
  • “Brazil indigenous group accuses Bolsonaro of ‘genocide’ and ‘ecocide’ | The Independent”. Erişim 06 Haziran 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/brazil-indigenous-icc-bolsonaro-genocide-b1900078.html.
  • “Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, 10 December 1976.” Erişim 07 Haziran 2023. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/enmod-1976/, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/enmod-1976/understandings.
  • Çoban, Aykut. “Ekosoykırım: Ekokırımla Soykırımın İç İçe Geçmesi”. İçinde Sosyo Ekolojik Bir Toplum İçin Ne Yapmalı, editör H Yurdanur. İmge, 2024.
  • Değirmenci, Olgun ve Ali Mavuş. Uluslararası Ceza Hukukunda Saldırı Suçu. 1. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Drumbl, Mark A. “Waging War Against the World: The Need to Move from War Crimes to Environmental Crimes”. Fordham International Law Journal 22, sy 1 (1998): 122-53.
  • Durney, Jessica. “Crafting a Standard: Environmental Crimes as Crimes against Humanity under the International Criminal Court”. Hastings Environmental Law Journal 24, sy 2 (2018): 413-30.
  • Dursun Özdemir, Gizem. “Ekokırım Suçu ve Bazı Değerlendirmeler”. Terazi Hukuk Dergisi 18, sy 203 (2023): 74-83.
  • Falk, Richard A. “Environmental Warfare and Ecocide – Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals”. Bulletin of Peace Proposals 4, sy 1 (1973): 80-96. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44480206.
  • “Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia”. Erişim 07 Haziran 2023. https://www.icty.org/en/press/final-report-prosecutor-committee-established-review-nato-bombing-campaign-against-federal.
  • Gauger, Anja, Mai Pouye Rabatel-Fernel, Louise Kulbicki, Damien Short, ve Polly Higgins. “Ecocide is the missing 5th Crime Against Peace”. Human Rights Consortium, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2012.
  • “Goverment of the Republic of Vanuatu Statement by H. E. John H. Licht Ambassador of the Republic of Vanuatu to the European Union”. General Debate of the 18th Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Aralık 2019.
  • “Groundbreaking Study Quantifies Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries”. Text. 31 Mayıs 2023. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2023-05-31-groundbreaking-study-quantifies-safe-and-just-earth-system-boundaries.html.
  • Gürseler, Ceren. “Ukrayna Krizi ve Ekokırım: Çevresel Bozulmaların Güvenlikleştirilmesinde Son Adım”. İDEALKENT 13, sy 37 (2022): 37. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1126556.
  • Higgins, Polly. Eradicating Ecocide: Laws and Governance to Prevent the Destruction of Our Planet. Shepheard-Walwyn, 2010.
  • ICTR, Prosecutor v. Jean Kambanda, ICTR-97-23-S (4 Eylül 1998).
  • “Independent Expert Panel for the Legal Definition of Ecocide Commentary and Core Text”. Stop Ecocide Foundation, Haziran 2021. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ca2608ab914493c64ef1f6d/t/60d7479cf8e7e5461534dd07/1624721314430/SE+Foundation+Commentary+and+core+text+revised+%281%29.pdf.
  • Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. “Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts,Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Köybaşı, Serkan. “Ekokırım Suçunun Tanınması”. BUHFD 17, sy 210 (2022): 1047-85.
  • Kreß, Claus, ve Stefan Barriga, ed. “The Specificity of the Crime of Aggression”. İçinde The Crime of Aggression, 1. bs, kitap editörü Astrid Reisinger Coracini ve Pål Wrange. Cambridge University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139058360.013.
  • Millî, ırkî, dinî, kütleleri kısmen veya tamamen imha suçunun «Getıocide» önlenmesi ve cezalandırılması hakkındaki Sözleşmeye Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin de katılmasının onanmasına dair Kanun, Kanun Numarası: 5630, Kabul Tarihi: 23.03.1950, Resmi Gazete: 29.03.1950/7469.
  • Office of the Prosecutor. “Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation”. 15 Eylül 2016. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/policy-paper-case-selection-and-prioritisation.
  • Pereira, Paulo, Ferdo Bašić, Igor Bogunovic,ve Damia Barcelo. “Russian-Ukrainian War Impacts the Total Environment”. Science of The Total Environment 837 (Eylül 2022): 155865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155865.
  • Rawtani, Deepak, Gunjan Gupta, Nitasha Khatri, Piyush K. Rao, ve Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain. “Environmental Damages Due to War in Ukraine: A Perspective”. Science of The Total Environment 850 (Aralık 2022): 157932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157932.
  • Robinson, Darryl, Sergey Vasiliev, Elies Van Sliedregt, ve Valerie Oosterveld. An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure. Cambridge University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009466660.
  • Ross, Marc A. “Environmental Warfare and the Persian Gulf War: Possible Remedies to Combat Intentional Destruction of the Environment”. Penn State International Law Review 10, sy 3 (1992): 515-39.
  • Sandoz, Yves, Christophe Swinarski ve Bruno Zimmermann, ed. Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. International Committee of the Red Cross; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
  • “Scientists Say Planetary Boundaries Crossed | UNFCCC”. Erişim 09 Haziran 2023. https://unfccc.int/news/scientists-say-planetary-boundaries-crossed?gclid=CjwKCAjw-IWkBhBTEiwA2exyO5-jNe4PiNXL-VOE7MgIHk_lfCf4YqoxD39YYNfOrVvQGi8wQBODBhoCzeEQAvD_BwE.
  • Sharp, Peter. “Prospects for Environmental Liability in The International Criminal Court”. Virginia Environmental Law Journal 18, sy 2 (1999): 217-43.
  • Smith, Tara. “Creating a framework for the prosecution of environmental crimes in international criminal law COMPANION TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES, William Schabas, Yvonne McDermott, Niamh Hayes and Maria Varaki, eds., (2012).” Ashgate Publishers, 2011.
  • Stop Ecocide International. “Ukraine Justice Conference Addresses Ecocide Law”. 13 Mart 2023. https://www.stopecocide.earth/breaking-news-2023/ukraine-justice-conference-addresses-ecocide-law.
  • Stop Ecocide International. “What We Do”. 08 Haziran 2023. https://www.stopecocide.earth/what-we-do.
  • Stop Ecocide International. “Who We Are”. Erişim 08 Haziran 2023. https://www.stopecocide.earth/who-we-are-.
  • Tabur, Yeter ve Erdi Şafak. “Küresel İklim Krizi ile Mücadelede Uluslararası Hukukun Rolü ve Ekokırım Suçu”. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 13, sy 1 (2023): 1. https://doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1185455.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş, Mustafa Ruhan Erdem ve R. Murat Önok. Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku. 5. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2019.
  • “The States Parties to the Rome Statute | International Criminal Court”. Erişim 09 Haziran 2023. https://asp.icc-cpi.int/states-parties.
  • The United Nations War Crimes Commission. “Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals Volume VIII”. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1949. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/Law-Reports_Vol-8/Law-Reports_Vol-8.pdf.
  • Tomuschat, Christian. “Crimes Against the Environment”. Environmental Policy and Law 26, sy 6 (1996): 242-43. https://doi.org/10.3233/EPL-1996-26602.
  • Umar, Baba. “Brazil’s Bolsonaro Sued at ICC for ‘Genocide’, ‘Ecocide’”. Brazil’s Bolsonaro Sued at ICC for “Genocide”, “Ecocide”. Erişim 06 Haziran 2023. https://www.trtworld.com/americas/Baba Umar.
  • Uysal Oğuz, Ceren ve Canan Kışlalıoğlu. “Bolsonaro Döneminde Brezilya’nın Amazonlar Politikası”. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi 5, sy 1 (2022): 57-72.
  • Watts, Jonathan ve Jonathan Watts Global environment editor. “The ‘Silent Victim’: Ukraine Counts War’s Cost for Nature”. World News. The Guardian, 20 Şubat 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/20/ukraine-war-cost-for-nature-russia.
  • Whitaker, B. “Revised and Updated Report on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”. United Nations Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 1985.
  • Yılmaz, Ekrem. “Çevrenin Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku Bağlamında Korunması”. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, 2025.
  • “Yok olmanın eşiğinde: Bataklık Arapları”. Erişim 06 Haziran 2023. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/arastirma/yok-olmanin-esiginde-bataklik-araplari/2160922.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Environmental Law, International Criminal Law, Public International Law
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Beyza Gürleyen 0000-0001-7737-5917

Early Pub Date August 20, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date May 23, 2025
Acceptance Date August 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Gürleyen, Beyza. “ULUSLARARASI CEZA MAHKEMESİ KAPSAMINDA ÇEVRESEL ZARARLARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: MEVCUT SUÇLAR VE GENİŞLEME İHTİMALİ”. Kırıkkale Hukuk Mecmuası 5, no. 2 (August 2025): 727-49. https://doi.org/10.59909/khm.05.02.010.

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