El Yapımı Patlayıcıların ve Patlayıcı Maddelerin Tespitinde Kullanılan Spektroskopi Tabanlı Yöntemlerin Karşılaştırılmasına İlişkin Bir İnceleme

Abstract

El Yapımı Patlayıcılar (EYP) ve patlayıcı maddeler nedeniyle her yıl binlerce kişi ölmekte, yaralanmakta ve psikolojik olarak zarar görmektedir. Ülkeler ulusal güvenliklerini sağlamak maksadıyla muazzam çaba sarf etmekte ve EYP’lere karşı tedbirler geliştirebilmek için hatırı sayılır harcamalar yapmaktadırlar. En güçlü orduların bile tespiti için çözüm geliştirmekte zorlandığı EYP’ler, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri için de büyük bir problem oluşturmaktadır. Son yıllarda ülkemizdeki terör eylemlerinde de sıklıkla kullanılması nedeniyle EYP ile mücadele her geçen gün daha çok önem kazanmaktadır. Satıh altına gömülmüş bir patlayıcı maddenin tespit edilmesi; arazi yapısı, çevre koşulları, iklim yapısı ve gömülü maddenin özellikleri hakkında bilgi edinilmesini gerektiren zorlu bir süreçtir. Tespit yönteminin kullanılacağı arazi şartları, ihtiyaç duyulan uzaklık, hassasiyet ve süre gibi pek çok değişken sebebiyle standart bir EYP tespit yöntemi bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle dünyada çok çeşitli yöntemler üzerine birçok çalışma yürümektedir. Fakat patlayıcı maddeleri tespit ederken kullanılan her teknik ve usul faydalı olamamakta ve doğru sonuç vermemektedir. Tespit edilmesi arzulanan patlayıcı maddenin cinsine, çevresel etkenlerine, mesafesine, zemin altındaki derinliğine, kimyasal bileşenlerine vb. faktörlere göre en uygun tekniğin seçilmesi icap etmektedir. Bu makalede, önce patlayıcı ve EYP’ler hakkında genel bilgi verilmiş, kimyasal yapıları ve tespit teknolojileri incelenmiştir. Daha sonra da EYP tespitinde kullanılan spektroskopi tabanlı dört yöntem ele alınmış, hangi durumlarda kullanılabilir olacakları, avantajları ve dezavantajları incelenmiştir. Otomatik ve temassız olarak kullanabilecek ve elektromanyetik spektrumun (EM) farklı alanlarına yoğunlaşarak patlayıcı tespitine farklı pencerelerden bakan bu yöntemler şunlardır: (i) Hiperspektral Görüntüleme, (ii) Fourier Dönüşüm Kızılötesi (FT-IR) Spektroskopisi, (iii) Terahertz Teknolojisi, (iv) Lazer Etkileşimli Plazma Spektroskopisi (LIBS). Bu yöntemler, yığın veya iz patlayıcı bulmadaki başarıları, laboratuvar ortamında veya operasyonel olarak kullanımları ve insan sağlığına etkileri açısından değerlendirilmişlerdir. Son olarak da patlayıcı ve EYP’lerin otomatik tespitinde dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar verilmiş ve bu alandaki gelişmelerin geleceği tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• El Yapımı Patlayıcı (EYP)
• Fourier Dönüşüm Kızılötesi (FT-IR) Spektroskopisi
• Hiperspektral Görüntüleme
• Lazer Etkileşimli Plazma Spektroskopisi (LIBS)
• Terahertz Teknolojisi

A Study on the Comparison of Spectroscopy-based Methods Used in the Detection of Improvised Explosive Devices and Explosives

Abstract

Thousands of people are killed, injured and psychologically damaged every year by Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) and explosives. For this reason, countries have made tremendous efforts and spent a considerable amount of their budget to ensure their national security. IEDs, which even the most powerful armies find it difficult to develop solutions to take countermeasures, are a major problem for the Turkish Armed Forces. In recent years, the fight against IEDs has become more and more important as it is frequently used in terrorist acts in Turkey. Detection of an explosive buried beneath the surface is a challenging process that requires obtaining information about the terrain, environmental conditions, climatic structure and characteristics of the buried material. There is no standard detection method due to many variables such as the conditions under which the detection method will be used, the required distance, sensitivity and speed. For this reason, there are many ongoing studies around the world. However, not all techniques and methods used to detect explosives are useful and do not provide accurate results. Depending on the type of explosive substance to be detected, environmental factors, distance, depth under the ground, chemical components and such factors should be considered for selecting the most appropriate technique. In this article, firstly general information about explosives and IEDs are given and their chemical structures and detection technologies are examined. Then, four spectroscopy-based methods used in IED detection are discussed; their advantages and disadvantages are examined. These automatic and non-contact methods focus on different areas of the electromagnetic spectrum (EM) and deal with explosive detection in different ways. These techniques are: (i) Hyperspectral Imaging, (ii) Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, (iii) Terahertz Technology (iv) Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). These methods have been evaluated in terms of their success in finding bulk or trace explosives, their use in laboratory or operational conditions and their effects on human health. Finally, the issues to be considered in automatic detection of explosives and IEDs, and the future of the developments in this field are discussed

Keywords

• Improvised Explosive Device (IED)
• Fourier Transformation Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
• Hyperspectral Imaging
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
• Terahertz Technology

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