Örgütsel Özdeşleşmenin Sinizm ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti ile İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 145 - 172, 01.03.2010

Mustafa Polat Cem Harun Meydan

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Örgütsel Özdeşleşmenin Sinizm ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti ile İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu çalışmada örgüte ilişkin olumlu ve olumsuz iş tutumlarının birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Bireyin örgüte yönelik olumlu bir tutumu olan örgütsel özdeşleşme ile olumsuz tutumlar olan sinizm ve işten ayrılma niyeti (İAN) bu bağlamda ele alınmıştır. Örgütsel özdeşleşme düzeyi yüksek olan bireyler örgütlerini sanki kendileriymiş gibi algılamaktadır. Bu durumun olumsuz iş tutumlarını azaltıcı etki yapacağı değerlendirilerek hipotezler geliştirilmiş ve anılan hipotezler 176 özel sektör çalışanından elde edilen veriler ışığında test edilmiştir. Sonuçta örgütsel özdeşleşmenin sinizm ve İAN üzerinde negatif etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca, yönetsel uygulamalara katkılar ve gelecekte yapılabilecek çalışmalara ilişkin değerlendirme ve öneriler sunulmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sinizm, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti, Örgütsel Özdeşleşme

Kaynakça

• Abrams, D., K. Ando ve S.W. Hinkle, 1998. “Psychological Attachment to the Group: Cross-Cultural Differences in Organizational Identification and Subjective Norms as Predictors of Workers' Turnover Intentions”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, (24), ss. 1027-1039.
• Ajzen, I. ve Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Anderson L.M. ve T.S. Bateman, 1997. “Cynicism in the Workplace: Some Causes and Effects”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, ss. 449-469.
• Andersson L.M., 1996. “Employee Cynicism: An Examination Using a Contract Violation Framework”, Human Relations, 49(11), ss. 13951418.
• Ashforth B.E. ve F. Mael, 1989. “Social identity theory and the organization”, Academy of Management Review, 14(1), ss. 20–39.
• Bamber, E.M. ve V. Iyer, 2002. “Big 5 Auditors’ Professional and Organizational Identification”, Auditing; A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol.21, Issue:2, 21-38.
• Bamber, E.M. ve V. Iyer, 2002. “Big 5 Auditors’ Professional and Organizational Identification”, Auditing; A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol.21, Issue:2, 21-38.
• Barlett, K.R., 1999. “The Relationship Between Training and Organizational Commitment in the Health Care Field”, The University of Illionis (The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy), Urbana.
• Barlett, K.R., 1999. “The Relationship Between Training and Organizational Commitment in the Health Care Field”, The University of Illionis (The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy), Urbana.
• Baron, R.M. ve Kenny, D.A. (1986). “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Tactical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 1173-1182.
• Bartel, C.A. ve J. Dutton, 2000. “Ambigous Organizational Memberships: Constructing Organizational Identities in Interactions With Others”, Administrative Science Quarterly, September, 46, ss. 379-413.
• Bartels, J., M.D.T. de Jong, A.T.H. Pruyn, O. Peters ve M.Van der Molen. 2006. “Horizontal and Vertical Communication as Determinants of Professional and Organizational Identification” (Çalışma Raporu) İçinde: Bartels, J. (2006) Organizational Identification and Communication: Employees’ evaluations of internal communication and its effect on identification at different organizational levels, University of Twente (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Netherland.
• Becker, T.E., 1992. “Foci and Bases of Commitment: Are They Distinctions Worth Making?”, The Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), ss. 232–244.
• Bedeian, A.G., 2007 “Even if the Tower Is “Ivory,” It Isn’t “White:” Understanding the Consequences of Faculty Cynicism”, Academy of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 6, No. 1, ss. 9–32.
• Bergami, M. ve R.P. Bagozzi, 1996. “Organizational Identification: Conceptualisation Measurement and Nomological Validity”, Working Paper 9608-10, University of Michigan Business School.
• Beyth-Marom, R., G. Harpaz-Gorodeisky, A. Bar-Haim ve E. Godder, 2006. “Identification, Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation among Tutors at the Open University of Israel”, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Volume 3, Number 2, ss. 1-13.
• Bibby, C.L., 2008. “Should I Stay or Shoul I Leave? Perceptions of Age Discrimination, Organizational Justice and Employee Attitudes on Intentions to Leave”, Journal of Applied Management and Enterpreneurship, 13(2), ss. 63-86.
• Brewer, M.B. ve R.M. Kramer, 1986. “Choice Behavior in Social Dilemmas: Effects of Social Identity, Group Size and Decision Framing”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, ss. 543-549.
• Buchanan II, B., 1974. “Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(4), ss. 533-546.
• Burke, K., 1973. “The Rhetorical situation”, Communication: Ethical and Moral Issues, Ed. Lee Thayer, London, Gordon and Breach. Chattopadhyay, E.G.P., 2005. “One Foot in Each Camp: The Dual Identification of Contract Workers”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, ss. 68–99.
• Cheney, G., 1983a. “On the Various and Changing Meanings of Organizational Membership: A Field Study of Organizational Identification”, Communication Monographs, 50, ss. 342–362.
• Cheney, G., 1983b. “The rhetoric of identification and the study of organizational communication”, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 69, ss. 143–158.
• Chreim, S., 2002. “Influencing Organizational Identification During Major Change: A Communication-Based Perspective”, Human Relations, 55, ss. 1117-1137.
• Cicero, L. ve A. Pierro, 2007. “Charismatic Leadership and Organizational Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Employees’ Work-Group Identification”, International Journal of Psychology, 42 (5), ss. 297-306.
• Cole, M.S. ve H. Bruch, 2006. “Organizational Identity Strength, Identification, and Commitment and Their Relationships to Turnover Intention: Does Organizational Hierarchy Matter?”, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 27, ss. 585-605.
• Cornetto, K. M. ve J. Snyder, 2006. "Predictors and Outcomes of Perceived Communication Surveillance in Organizations", Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, Sheraton New York, 2008-10-10 http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p14121_ index.html.
• Cremer, D. ve D. V. Knippbenberg, 2005. “Cooperation as a Function of Leader Self-Sacrifice, Trust and Identification”, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 26, ss. 355-369.
• Cremer, D., 2005. “Procedural and Distributive Justice Effects Moderated by Organizational Identification”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.20, No.1, ss. 4-13.
• Dean, J.W., Brandes, P. ve Dhwardkar, R. 1998. “Organizational Cynicism”, Academy of Management Review, 23(2), ss. 341-352.
• Di Sanza, J.R. ve J.C. Bullis, 1999. “Everybody Identifies With Smokey the Bear”, Management Communication Quarterly, 12, ss. 347-399.
• Dick R.V., J. Ullrich, P.A. Tissington, 2004a, “Working under black cloud: How to Sustain Organizational Identification after a Merger”, Aston Business Research Papers, 2004, 1-24, aynı zamanda (2006b). British Journal of Management, Vol. 17, 69-79.
• Dick R.V., J. Ullrich, P.A. Tissington, 2004a. “Working under black cloud: How to Sustain Organizational Identification after a Merger”, Aston Business Research Papers, 2004, 1-24, aynı zamanda (2006b). British Journal of Management, Vol. 17, 69-79.
• Dick R.V., U. Wagner U ve G. Lemmer, 2004c. “The Winds of Change— Multiple Identifications in the Case of Organizational Mergers”, European Journal of Work and Organızatıonal Psychology, 13(2), ss. 121–138.
• Dick R.V., U. Wagner, J. Stellmacher, O. Christ, 2004d, “The Utility of a Broader Conceptualization of Organizational Identification: Which Aspects Really Matter?”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, ss. 171-191.
• Dick, R.V. C.O., Stellmacher, J, Wagner, U, Ahlswede, O, Grubba C, vd., 2004b. “Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Turnover Intentions with Organizational Identification and Job Satisfaction”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 15, ss. 351–360.
• Dukerich, J.M., Brian R. Golden, Stephen M. Shortell, 2002. “Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Impact of Organizational Identification, Identity and Image on the Cooperative Behaviors of Physicians”, Administratvie Science Quarterly, 47 (3), ss. 507-533.
• Dutton, J. E., J.M. Dukerich ve C.V. Harquail, 1994. “Organizational Images and Member Identification”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), ss. 239–263.
• Eaton, J.A., 2000. “A Social Motivation Approach to Organizational Cynicism”, York University (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation), Graduate Program to Psychology, Toronto.
• Eicholtz, M.M., 2000. Organizational Identification as a Negotiated Relationship: The Dialectics of Members’ Dialogue, Ohio Un. (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis).
• Eicholtz, M.M., 2001. “Negotiating Organizational Identification”, Organizational Communication Division of International Communication Association Annual Convention, Washington D.C., May 2001.
• Epitropaki, O. ve R. Martin, 2005. “The Moderating Role of Individual Differences in the Relation Between Transformational/Transactional Leadership Perceptions and Organizational Identification”, The Leadership Quarterly, 16, ss. 569–589.
• Erdost H.E. vd., (2007), Örgütsel Sinizm Kavramı ve İlgili Ölçeklerin Türkiye’deki Bir Firmada Test Edilmesi, 15. Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Sakarya Üniversitesi Yayınları, Sakarya.
• Ertürk, A., 2003. “Örgütsel Kimlik Algısı: Etkileyen Faktörler ve Sonuçları”, Gebze İleri Teknoloji Enstitüsü (Doktora Tezi), Gebze.
• Ertürk, A., N. Demircan ve A. Ceylan, 2005. “The Effects of Organizational Communication and Commitment on Organizational Identification: A Sectoral Comparison”, Bogazici Journal: Review of Social, Economic and Administrattive Studies, 19 (1/2), ss. 81–98.
• Gioia, D. A., M. Schultz ve K.G. Corley. 2000. “Organizational Identity, Image and Adaptive Instability”, Academy of Management Review, 25 (1),ss. 63-82.
• Güzeller C. ve Kalağan G., 2008. Örgütsel sinizm ölçeginin Türkçe’ye uyarlanmasi ve çesitli degiskenler açisindan egitim örgütlerinde incelenmesi, 16. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 87-94.
• Hall, D.T., Schneider B. ve Nygren, H.T. 1970. “Personal Factors in Organizational Identification”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, ss. 176-190.
• Hardy C.C., 1987. The Blue Chip Investment Strategy: Quality, Value and Timing for Income Appreciation, New York, F Watts.
• Harris, G.E. ve J.E. Cameron, 2005. “Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Identification and Commitment as Predictors of Turnover Intentions and Psychological Well-Being”, Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 37, ss. 159-169.
• Hu, L. ve Bentler, P.M., 1999, “Cutoff Criteria For Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling, 6,1 , ss. 1-55.
• Huggins W.V.N. vd., 1998. “The Development and Longitudinal Test of a Model of Organizational Identification”, Journal ofApplied Social Psychology, 28, 8, ss. 724-749.
• Huggins W.V.N. vd., 1998. “The Development and Longitudinal Test of a Model of Organizational Identification”, Journal ofApplied Social Psychology, 28, 8, ss. 724-749.
• Igbaria M., ve Greenhaus J.H. 1992. “Determinants of MIS Employees' Turnover Intentions: A Structural Equation Model”, Commun. ACM 35, 2, ss. 34-49.
• Iyer, M.V., E.M. Bamber ve R.M. Barefield, 1997. “Identification of Accounting Firm Alumni With Their Former Firm: Antecedents and Outcomes”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 22(3/4), ss. 315-336.
• İşçan, Ö.F., 2006, “Dönüştürücü/Etkileşimci Liderlik Algısı ve Örgütsel Özdeşleşme İişkisinde Bireysel Farklılıkların Rolü”, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, ss. 160-177.
• James M.S.L., 2005. Antecedents and Consequences of Cynicism in Organizations: An Examination of the Potential Positive and Negative Effects on School Systems, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Florida State University, USA.
• Jetten, J., M.T. Schmitt, N.R. Branscombe ve B. M. McKimmie, 2005. “Suppressing the Negative Effect of Devaluation on Group Identification: The Role of Intergroup Differentiation and Intragroup Respect”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, ss. 208–215.
• Johnson, M. D., F.P Morgeson, D.R. Ilgen, C.J. Meyer ve J.W. Lloyd, 2006. “Multiple Professional Identities: Examining Differences in Identification Across Work-Related Targets”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, ss. 498-506.
• Kassing, J.W., 2000. “Exploring the Relationship between Workplace Freedom of Speech, Organizational Identification, and Employee Dissent”, Communicatıon Research Reports, Volume 17, Number 4, Fall 2000, 387-396.
• Knippenberg, D.V. R.V. Dick ve S. Tavares, 2007. “Social Identity and Social Exchange: Identification, Support, and Withdrawal From the Job”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2007, 37, 3, ss. 457–477.
• Knippenberg, D.V. ve E.C.M. Schie, 2000. “Foci and Correlates of Organizational Identification”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, ss. 137–147.
• Knippenberg, D.V., L. Martin ve T. Tyler, 2006. “Process-Orientation Versus Outcome-Orientation During Organizational Change: The Role f Organizational Identification”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, ss. 685–704.
• Lee, H., 2004. “The Role of Competence Based Trust and Organizational Identification in Continuous Improvement”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19:6, ss. 623-639.
• Lee, H., 2004.“The Role of Competence Based Trust and Organizational Identification in Continuous Improvement”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19:6, ss. 623-639.
• Lee, S.M., 1971. “An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Identification”, The Academy of Management Journal, 14(2), ss. 213–226.
• Levinson, H., 1965, “Reciprocration:The relationship between Man and Organization”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 9, 4.
• Lipponen, J. K., 2001. “Organizational Identifications, Antecedents and Consequences of Identifications, in a Shipyard Context”, University of Helsinki Department of Social Psychology, Social psychological studies 4, Helsinki, ss. 1-127.
• Lipponen, J., K. Helkama, M-E. Olkkonen ve M. Juslin, 2005. “Predicting the Different Profiles of Organizational Identification: A Case of Shipyard Subcontractors”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, ss. 97-112.
• Lipponen, J., K., A. Bardi ve J. Haapamaki, 2008. “The Interaction Between Values and Organizational Identfication in Predicting SuggestionMaking at Work”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, ss. 241-248.
• Mael, F.A., 1988. “Organizational Identification: Construct Redefinition and a Field Application with Organizational Alumni”, Wayne State University (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Detroit.
• Mael, F.A. ve B.E. Ashforth, 1992. “Alumni and Their Alma Mater: A Partial Test of the Reformulated Model of Organizational Identification”, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 13(2), ss. 103-123.
• Mael, F.A. ve B.E. Ashforth, 1995. “Loyal From Day One: Biodata, Organizational Identification, and Turnover Among Newcomers”, Personnel Psychology, 48: ss. 309–333.
• Mignonac, Karim, Olivier Herrbach ve Sylvie Guerrero, 2006. “The Interactive Effects of Perceived External Prestige and Need for Organizational Identification on Turnover Intentions”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, ss. 477-493.
• Miller, V.D., M. Allen, M.K. Casey ve J.R. Johnson, 2000. “Reconsidering the Organizational Identification Questionnaire”, Management Communication Quarterly, 13 (4), ss. 626–658.
• Mirvis P.H. ve D.L. Kanter, 1991. “Beyond Demography: A Psychographic Profile of the Workforce”, Human Resource Management, 30 (1), ss.45-68.
• Mobley, W.H., Horner, S.O., and Hollingsworth, A.T. 1978. “An Evaluation of Precursors of Hospital Employee Turnover”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, ss. 408-414.
• Myers, S.A. ve J.W. Kassing, 1998. ”The Relationship Between Perceived Supervisory Communication Behaviors and Subordinate Organizational Identification”, Communicatıon Research Reports, Volume 15, Number 1, 71-81.
• Newman J.E., 1974. “Predicting absenteeism and turnover: A Field of Fishbein’s model and traditional job attitude measures”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), ss. 610-615.
• Olkkonen, M.E. ve J. Lipponen, 2006. “Relationships Between Organizational Justice, Identification with Organization and Work Unit, and Group-Related Outcomes”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100, ss. 202-215.
• Organ, D.W. ve C.N. Green, 1981. “The Effects of Formalization on Professional Involvement: A Compensatory Process Approach”, Administrative Science Quarterly, (26), 237-252.
• Polat, M., 2010. “Örgütsel Özdeşleşmenin Öncülleri ve Ardılları Üzerine Bir Saha Çalışması”, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
• Porter, L.W. ve R.M. Steers, 1973. “Organizational Work and Personnel Factors in Employee Turnover and Absenteeism”, Psychological Bulletin, C.80, S.2., ss. 151-175.
• Pratt, M. G. ve A. Rafaeli, 1997. “Organizational Dress as a Symbol of Multilayered Social Identities”, Academy of Management Journal, 40, 862-898.
• Pratt, M.G., 1998. “To Be or Not to Be? Central Questions in Organizational Identification”, Identity in organizations: Developing Theory Through Conversations, ed. D. Whetten ve P. Godfrey, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, ss. 171-207.
• Pratt, M.G., 1998. “To Be or Not to Be? Central Questions in Organizational Identification”, Identity in organizations: Developing Theory Through Conversations, ed. D. Whetten ve P. Godfrey, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, ss. 171-207.
• Price, J.L., 1976. “The effects of Turnover on the Organization”, Organization and Administrative Sciences, C.7, S.1-2, Spring Summer, ss. 61-88.
• Reade, C., 2001. “Antecedents of Organizational Identification in Multinational Corporations: Fostering Psychological Attachment to the Local Subsidiary and the Global Organization”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, ss. 1269-1291.
• Reichers, A.E. vd., 1997. “Understanding and Managing Cynicism about Organizational Change”, Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), ss. 48-59.
• Rossel, R.D., 1971. “Required Labor Commitment, Organizational Adaptation and Leadership Orientation”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 3 ss. 316-320.
• Russo, T.C., 1998. “Organizational and Professional Identification”, Management Communication Quarterly, 12, ss. 72-111.
• Sass, J.S. ve D.J. Canary, 1991. “Organizational Commitment and Identification: An Examination of Conceptual and Operational Convergence”, Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55, ss. 275-293.
• Sass, J.S. ve D.J. Canary, 1991. “Organizational Commitment and Identification: An Examination of Conceptual and Operational Convergence”, Western Journal of Speech Communication, 55, ss. 275-293.
• Schein, Edgar H., 1971. “The Individual, the Organization and the Career: A Conceptual Scheme”, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7 (4), ss. 401-426.
• Scott, C.R., S.L. Connaughton, K. Maguire vd., 1999. “The Impacts of Communication and Multiple Identifications on Intent to Leave” Management Communication Quarterly, 12(3), ss. 400-435.
• Scott, C.R., S.L. Connaughton, K. Maguire vd., 1999. “The Impacts of Communication and Multiple Identifications on Intent to Leave” Management Communication Quarterly, 12(3), ss. 400-435.
• Shamir, B. ve R. Kark, 2004. “A Single Item Graphic Scale for the Measurement of Organizational Identification”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, ss. 115-123.
• Sobel, M.E. (1982). “Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models”, S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp.290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Solnet, D., 2006. “Introducing Employee Social Identification to Customer Satisfaction Research a Hotel Industry Study”, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 16 No. 6, ss. 575-594.
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L.S., 2001. Using Multivariate Statitics, Boston, Allyn and Bacon.
• Tak, B. ve B.A. Aydemir, 2004. “Örgütsel Özdeşleşme Üzerine İki Görgül Çalışma”, 12. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa.
• Tak, B. ve B. A. Çiftçioğlu, 2008. “Mesleki Bağlılık ile Çalışanların Örgütte Kalma Niyeti Arasındaki İlişkiyi İncelemeye Yönelik Görgül Bir Çalışma”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 63, 4, EkimAralık, ss. 156-178.
• Tett R.P. ve J.P. Meyer, 1993. “Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Meta Analytical Findings”, Personnel Psychology, 78, ss. 273-285.
• Tosun, M., 1981. Örgütsel Etkililik, Türkiye ve Ortadoğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü Yayınları Nu:196, Ankara.
• Tükeltürk, Ş.A., Perçin, N.Ş., Güzel,.B. 2009. "Örgütlerde Psikolojik Kontrat İhlalleri ve Sinizm İlişkisi:4-5 Yıldızlı Otel İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma", 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, 21-23 Mayıs 2009, Eskişehir, 686-690.
• Tüzün, İ.K. ve E. Kırkbeşoğlu, 2008. “Özdeşleşme Kaynakları ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti İlişkisi: Sigortacılık Çalışanları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”, 16. Ulusal Yönetim Organizasyon Kongresi, 16-18 Mayıs, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi.
• Tüzün, İ.K., 2006. “Örgütsel Güven, Örgütsel Kimlik ve Örgütsel Özdeşleşme İlişkisi: Uygulamalı Bir Çalışma”, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara.
• Tyler, T. R. ve S.L. Blader, 2001. “Identity and Cooperative Behavior in Groups”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Vol 4(3), ss. 207–226.
• Ullrich, J., J. Wieseke, O Christ ve R.V. Dick, 2007. “The Identity-Matching Principle: Corporate and Organizational Identification in a Franchising System”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 18, ss. 29–44.
• Vance, R.J., Brooks, S.M. ve Tesluk P.E., 1995, Organizational Cynicism, cycinal cultures and organizational change efforts. Paper presented 10th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando, FL.
• Wanous J.P. vd., 2000. “Cynicism about Organizational Change, Measurement, Antecedents and Correlates”, Group and Organization Management, 25(2), ss. 132-153.
• Wegge, J., R.V.Dick, G.K.Fisher, C.Wecking ve K. Moltzen, 2006. “Work Motivation, Organizational Identification and Well-Being in Call Centre Work”, Work&Stres, March 2006, 20(1), ss. 60-83.
• Wiesenfeld, B.M., S. Raghuram ve R. Garud, 1999. “Communication Patterns as Determinants of Organizational Identification in a Virtual Organization”, Organization Science, 10, ss. 777-790.
• Wiesenfeld, B.M., S. Raghuram ve R. Garud, 2001. “Organizational Identification Among Virtual Workers: The Role of Need for Affiliation and Perceived Work-Based Social Support”, Journal of Management, 27, ss. 213-229.