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Covid-19 Vaccine and Infodemia in YouTube Videos

Year 2022, Issue: 9, 179 - 203, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1088518

Abstract

The Internet has become the most current and largest source for health issues, as well as many other topics. YouTube, in turn, is a "video-sharing network", which is frequently visited by those seeking health information because it is free to access and easy to use. In this context, it is a popular source for accessing information about the Covid-19 vaccine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics and content of YouTube videos published in Turkish about the Covid-19 vaccine. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional sample consisting of 118 YouTube videos about the vaccine which were screened and selected on August 7, 2021. The analysis found that 42.4% of the videos were pro-vaccination 19.5% were anti-vaccination, and 38.1% were neutral. Anti-vaccination and neutral videos had a higher number of views than pro-vaccination videos. The interaction rate and viewing speed of anti-vaccination videos were higher than those of the pro-vaccination and neutral videos (p = 0.01). 13.6% of videos emphasized that the vaccine is important for public health. 21.2% emphasized that the vaccine is important for protection against the disease. Because of side effects, 13.6% of videos suggested that the vaccine should not be administered. 9.3% posited conspiracy theories as to why the vaccine should not be administered. Because of this, health professionals should be aware of the information being shared on social networks and in social media about people who oppose vaccinations and take steps to ensure that their messages are accurate and trustworthy in order to reach a wider audience. On the other hand, promoting digital literacy among users of digital media can make a significant difference in the fight against infodemia. Users who correctly read content from digital media exhibit a critical viewpoint toward infodemia and play a significant role in the process of eradicating false information.

References

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  • Aydın, M. ve Yılmaz, A. (2020). Hareketli ortodontik apareyler ile ilgili youtube™ videolarının içerik analizi. 7tepe Klinik, 16(3), 220-225.
  • Betsch , C. ve Sachse, K. (2013). Debunking vaccination myths: Strong risk negations can increase perceived vaccination risks. Health Psychology, 32(2), 146-155.
  • Briones, R., Nan, X., Madden , K. ve Waks, L. (2012). When vaccines go viral: An analysis of HPV vaccine coverage on YouTube. Health Communication, 27(5), 478-485.
  • Chen, H.-M., Hu, Z.-K., Zheng, X.-L., Yuan, Z.-S., Xu , Z.-B., Yuan, L.-Q., Liao , X.-B. (2013). Effectiveness of YouTube as a Source of Medical Information on Heart Transplantation. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 2(2), 1-15.
  • Chitika insights the value of google result positioning. (2013, 7 Haziran). Erişim adresi: https://research.chitika.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/chitikainsights-valueofgoogleresultspositioning.pdf
  • Chong, Y., Cheng, H., Chan , H., Chien , W. ve Wong, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, infodemic and the role of eHealth literacy. International journal of nursing studies, 108(1),1-2.
  • Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi , A., Valensise, C., Brugnoli , E., Schmidt, A. ve Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-10.
  • Covolo, L., Ceretti, E., Boletti, M., Passeri, C. ve Gelatti, U. (2017). What arguments on vaccinations run through YouTube videos in Italy? A content analysis. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 13 (7), 1693-1699.
  • Çerçi, Ü. Ö., Canöz, N. ve Canöz, K. (2020). Covid–19 krizi döneminde bilgilenme aracı olarak sosyal medya kullanımı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 44, 184–198.
  • De Figueiredo, A., Simas, C., Karafillakis, E., Paterson, P. ve Larson, H. (2020). Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study. The Lancet, 396(10255), 898-908.
  • Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillaki, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A. ve Lars, H. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3), 1-2.
  • Devine, D., Gaskell, J., Jennings, W., & Stoker, G. (2021). Trust and the coronavirus pandemic: What are the consequences of and for trust? An early review of the literature. Political Studies Review, 19(2), 274-285.
  • Devlin, H. (2020, 11 Nisan). Can a face mask protect me from coronavirus? Covid 19 myths busted. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/11/can-a-face-mask-protect-me-from-coronavirus-covid-19-myths-busted
  • Donzelli, G., Palomba, G., Federigi, I., Aquino, F., Cioni, L. ve Verani, M. (2018). Misinformation on vaccination: A quantitative analysis of YouTube videos. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 14(7), 1653-1659.
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  • Gölbaşı, S. D., Metintaş, S. ve Önsüz, M. F. (2022). Web sitelerinde yer alan COVID-19 ile ilişkili mitlerin infodemi açısından değerlendirilmesi: bir içerik analizi. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 20(1), 138-151.
  • Hernández-García, I., Ragozzino, S. ve Giménez-Júlvez, T. (2020). Characteristics of YouTube videos about the meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB). Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(10), 2513-2517.
  • Ho, M., Stothers, L., Lazare, D., Tsang, B. ve Macnab, A. (2015). Evaluation of educational content of YouTube videos relating to neurogenic bladder and intermittent catheterization. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 9(10), 320-324.
  • Hu, Z., Yang, Z., Li, Q., Zhang, A., & Huang, Y. (2020). Infodemiological study on COVID-19 epidemic and COVID-19 infodemic. Preprints 2020, 2020020380 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202002.0380.v3)
  • Jennings, W., Stoker, G., Willis, H., Valgardsson, V., Gaskell, J., Devine, D. ve Mills, M. (2021). Lack of trust and social media echo chambers predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines, 9(593), 1-14.
  • Kallur, A., Albalbissi, A., Carillo-Martin, I., Boonpheng, B., Kallur, L., Kherallah, Y. ve Gonzalez-Estrada, A. (2020). Doctor YouTube’s opinion on seasonal influenza: A critical appraisal of the information available to patients. Digital Health, 6, 1-6.
  • Kırık, A. M., & Özkoçak, V. (2020). Yeni dünya düzeni bağlamında sosyal medya ve yeni koronavirüs (covid-19) pandemisi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(45), 133-154.
  • Kulkarni, P., Prabhu, S., & Ramraj, B. (2020). COVID-19-Infodemic overtaking pandemic? Time to disseminate facts over fear. Indian Journal of Community Health, 32(2), 264-269
  • Keelan, J., Pavri-Garcia, V., Tomlinson, G. ve Wilson, K. (2007). YouTube as a source of information on immunization: A content analysis. Jama, 298(21), 2482-2484.
  • Koçyiğit, M. (2020). Etkili iletişim ve duygusal zekâ (Genişletilmiş 4. baskı). Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
  • Koçyiğit, M. ve Koç, M. A. (2021). COVID–19 sürecinde medya ekolojisindeki değişimin gündem belirleme kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, 27-42.
  • Kreps, S. ve Kriner, D. (2020). Model uncertainty, political contestation, and public trust in science: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Advances, 6(43), 1-25.
  • Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M., Islam, M. N., & Whelan, E. (2020). Why do people share misinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic? European Journal of Information Systems, 29, 288–305.
  • Larson, H. (2018). The biggest pandemic risk? Viral misinformation. Nature, 562(7726), 309-310.
  • Leighton, H. ve Srivastava, J. (1999). First 20 precision among World Wide Web search services (search engines). Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(10), 870-881.
  • Li, H. O., Bailey, A., Huynh, D. ve Chan, J. (2020). YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: A pandemic of misinformation? BMJ global health, 5(5), 1-6.
  • Madan, A., Frantzides, C. ve Pesce, C. (2003). The quality of information about laparoscopic bariatric surgery on the Internet. Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques, 17(5), 685-687.
  • Madathil, K., Rivera-Rodriguez, A., Greenstein, J. ve Gramopadhye, A. (2014). Healthcare information on YouTube: A systematic review. Health Informatics Journal, 21(3), 173-194.
  • Madsar, S. (2021). Sosyal medya ve post-truth ilişkisi: Covid-19 aşı haberleri üzerine bir inceleme. Kastamonu iletişim araştırmaları dergisi, 7, 48-63.
  • Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. (2020, 23 Eylül). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation.
  • McCombs, M. ve Shaw, D. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.
  • McTavish, J., Harris, R. ve Wathen, N. (2011). Searching for health: the topography of the first page. Ethics and information technology, 13(3), 227-240.
  • Mian, A. ve Khan, S. (2020). Coronavirus: the spread of misinformation. BMC Medicine, 18(89), 1-2. Munich security conference. (2020, 15 Şubat). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/munich-security-conference.
  • Nason, K., Donelli, A. ve Duncan, H. (2016). YouTube as a patient-information source for root. International Endodontic Journal, 49(12), 1194-1200.
  • Rössler, B., Lahner, D., Schebesta, K., Chiari, A. ve Plöchl, W. (2012). Medical information on the Internet: Quality assessment of lumbar puncture and neuroaxial block techniques on YouTube. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 6(114), 655-658.
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YouTube Videolarında Covid-19 Aşısı ve İnfodemi

Year 2022, Issue: 9, 179 - 203, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1088518

Abstract

İnternet birçok konuda olduğu gibi sağlık konularında da başvurulan en güncel ve en büyük kaynak hâline gelmiştir. YouTube ise ücretsiz erişilmesi ve kullanım kolaylığı nedeniyle sağlık bilgisi arayanların sıklıkla ziyaret ettiği bir “video paylaşım ağı” dır. Bu bağlamda YouTube, Covid-19 aşısı hakkındaki bilgilere erişmek için de popüler bir kaynaktır. Çalışmada YouTube’da yayımlanan Covid-19 aşısı ile ilgili Türkçe videoların içeriklerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. YouTube’da aşı konusunda yayımlanan videolardan, 07.08.2021 tarihinde yapılan tarama sonucu seçilen 118 videodan oluşan kesitsel bir örneklemle çalışılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda videoların; % 42,4’nün aşı destekçisi, % 19,5’nin aşı karşıtı, % 38,1’nin ise tarafsız olduğu; karşıt ve tarafsız olan videoların izlenme sayılarının, taraftar olan videolara göre daha yüksek olduğu; karşıt olan videoların etkileşim oranının ve görüntüleme hızının taraftar ve tarafsız olanlara göre daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p=0,01). Videoların %13,6'sı aşının halk sağlığı için, %21,2'si aşının hastalıktan korunmak için önemli olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Videoların %13,6'sı yan etkiler nedeniyle aşı yapılmaması gerektiğini öne sürerken, %9.3'ü aşının neden yapılmaması gerektiğine dair komplo teorilerini ileri sürmüştür. Tüm bu sayılan nedenlerden dolayı sağlık profesyonelleri aşı karşıtlığı ile ilgili sosyal medya ve sosyal ağlarda yayılan bilgilerin farkında olmalı, doğru ve güvenilir içerikler üreterek daha fazla kişiye ulaşmasını sağlamalıdır. Öte yandan dijital medya kullanıcılarının, dijital okuryazarlığını güçlendirmek infodemi ile mücadeleye önemli katkılar sunma potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Dijital medya içeriklerini doğru okuyan kullanıcılar, infodemiye yönelik eleştirel bir bakış açısı sergileyerek yanlış bilginin düzeltilmesi sürecinde önemli bir faktör haline gelebilecektir.

References

  • Aquino, F., Donzelli, G., De Franco, E., Privitera, G., Lopalco, P. ve Carducci, A. (2017). The web and public confidence in MMR vaccination in Italy. Vaccine, 35(35), 4494-4498.
  • Aydın, M. ve Yılmaz, A. (2020). Hareketli ortodontik apareyler ile ilgili youtube™ videolarının içerik analizi. 7tepe Klinik, 16(3), 220-225.
  • Betsch , C. ve Sachse, K. (2013). Debunking vaccination myths: Strong risk negations can increase perceived vaccination risks. Health Psychology, 32(2), 146-155.
  • Briones, R., Nan, X., Madden , K. ve Waks, L. (2012). When vaccines go viral: An analysis of HPV vaccine coverage on YouTube. Health Communication, 27(5), 478-485.
  • Chen, H.-M., Hu, Z.-K., Zheng, X.-L., Yuan, Z.-S., Xu , Z.-B., Yuan, L.-Q., Liao , X.-B. (2013). Effectiveness of YouTube as a Source of Medical Information on Heart Transplantation. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 2(2), 1-15.
  • Chitika insights the value of google result positioning. (2013, 7 Haziran). Erişim adresi: https://research.chitika.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/chitikainsights-valueofgoogleresultspositioning.pdf
  • Chong, Y., Cheng, H., Chan , H., Chien , W. ve Wong, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, infodemic and the role of eHealth literacy. International journal of nursing studies, 108(1),1-2.
  • Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi , A., Valensise, C., Brugnoli , E., Schmidt, A. ve Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-10.
  • Covolo, L., Ceretti, E., Boletti, M., Passeri, C. ve Gelatti, U. (2017). What arguments on vaccinations run through YouTube videos in Italy? A content analysis. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 13 (7), 1693-1699.
  • Çerçi, Ü. Ö., Canöz, N. ve Canöz, K. (2020). Covid–19 krizi döneminde bilgilenme aracı olarak sosyal medya kullanımı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 44, 184–198.
  • De Figueiredo, A., Simas, C., Karafillakis, E., Paterson, P. ve Larson, H. (2020). Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study. The Lancet, 396(10255), 898-908.
  • Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillaki, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A. ve Lars, H. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3), 1-2.
  • Devine, D., Gaskell, J., Jennings, W., & Stoker, G. (2021). Trust and the coronavirus pandemic: What are the consequences of and for trust? An early review of the literature. Political Studies Review, 19(2), 274-285.
  • Devlin, H. (2020, 11 Nisan). Can a face mask protect me from coronavirus? Covid 19 myths busted. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/11/can-a-face-mask-protect-me-from-coronavirus-covid-19-myths-busted
  • Donzelli, G., Palomba, G., Federigi, I., Aquino, F., Cioni, L. ve Verani, M. (2018). Misinformation on vaccination: A quantitative analysis of YouTube videos. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 14(7), 1653-1659.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2002). Infodemiology: The epidemiology of (mis)information. The American Journal of Medicine, 113(9), 763-765.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2009). Infodemiology and infoveillance: Framework for an emerging set of public health informatics methods to analyze search, communication and publication behavior on the Internet. Journal of Medical internet Research, 11(1), 1-10.
  • Gonsalves, G. ve Staley, P. (2014). Panic, paranoia, and public health — The AIDS epidemic's lessons for ebola. The New England Journal of Medicine, 371(25), 2348-2349.
  • Gordon, J., Barot, L., Fahey, L. ve Matthews, M. (2001). The internet as a source of information on breast augmentation. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 107(1), 171-176.
  • Gölbaşı, S. D. ve Metintaş, S. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisi ve infodemi. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 5(COVID-19 Özel Sayısı), 126-137.
  • Gölbaşı, S. D., Metintaş, S. ve Önsüz, M. F. (2022). Web sitelerinde yer alan COVID-19 ile ilişkili mitlerin infodemi açısından değerlendirilmesi: bir içerik analizi. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 20(1), 138-151.
  • Hernández-García, I., Ragozzino, S. ve Giménez-Júlvez, T. (2020). Characteristics of YouTube videos about the meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB). Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(10), 2513-2517.
  • Ho, M., Stothers, L., Lazare, D., Tsang, B. ve Macnab, A. (2015). Evaluation of educational content of YouTube videos relating to neurogenic bladder and intermittent catheterization. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 9(10), 320-324.
  • Hu, Z., Yang, Z., Li, Q., Zhang, A., & Huang, Y. (2020). Infodemiological study on COVID-19 epidemic and COVID-19 infodemic. Preprints 2020, 2020020380 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202002.0380.v3)
  • Jennings, W., Stoker, G., Willis, H., Valgardsson, V., Gaskell, J., Devine, D. ve Mills, M. (2021). Lack of trust and social media echo chambers predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines, 9(593), 1-14.
  • Kallur, A., Albalbissi, A., Carillo-Martin, I., Boonpheng, B., Kallur, L., Kherallah, Y. ve Gonzalez-Estrada, A. (2020). Doctor YouTube’s opinion on seasonal influenza: A critical appraisal of the information available to patients. Digital Health, 6, 1-6.
  • Kırık, A. M., & Özkoçak, V. (2020). Yeni dünya düzeni bağlamında sosyal medya ve yeni koronavirüs (covid-19) pandemisi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(45), 133-154.
  • Kulkarni, P., Prabhu, S., & Ramraj, B. (2020). COVID-19-Infodemic overtaking pandemic? Time to disseminate facts over fear. Indian Journal of Community Health, 32(2), 264-269
  • Keelan, J., Pavri-Garcia, V., Tomlinson, G. ve Wilson, K. (2007). YouTube as a source of information on immunization: A content analysis. Jama, 298(21), 2482-2484.
  • Koçyiğit, M. (2020). Etkili iletişim ve duygusal zekâ (Genişletilmiş 4. baskı). Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
  • Koçyiğit, M. ve Koç, M. A. (2021). COVID–19 sürecinde medya ekolojisindeki değişimin gündem belirleme kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6, 27-42.
  • Kreps, S. ve Kriner, D. (2020). Model uncertainty, political contestation, and public trust in science: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Advances, 6(43), 1-25.
  • Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M., Islam, M. N., & Whelan, E. (2020). Why do people share misinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic? European Journal of Information Systems, 29, 288–305.
  • Larson, H. (2018). The biggest pandemic risk? Viral misinformation. Nature, 562(7726), 309-310.
  • Leighton, H. ve Srivastava, J. (1999). First 20 precision among World Wide Web search services (search engines). Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(10), 870-881.
  • Li, H. O., Bailey, A., Huynh, D. ve Chan, J. (2020). YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: A pandemic of misinformation? BMJ global health, 5(5), 1-6.
  • Madan, A., Frantzides, C. ve Pesce, C. (2003). The quality of information about laparoscopic bariatric surgery on the Internet. Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques, 17(5), 685-687.
  • Madathil, K., Rivera-Rodriguez, A., Greenstein, J. ve Gramopadhye, A. (2014). Healthcare information on YouTube: A systematic review. Health Informatics Journal, 21(3), 173-194.
  • Madsar, S. (2021). Sosyal medya ve post-truth ilişkisi: Covid-19 aşı haberleri üzerine bir inceleme. Kastamonu iletişim araştırmaları dergisi, 7, 48-63.
  • Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. (2020, 23 Eylül). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation.
  • McCombs, M. ve Shaw, D. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.
  • McTavish, J., Harris, R. ve Wathen, N. (2011). Searching for health: the topography of the first page. Ethics and information technology, 13(3), 227-240.
  • Mian, A. ve Khan, S. (2020). Coronavirus: the spread of misinformation. BMC Medicine, 18(89), 1-2. Munich security conference. (2020, 15 Şubat). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/munich-security-conference.
  • Nason, K., Donelli, A. ve Duncan, H. (2016). YouTube as a patient-information source for root. International Endodontic Journal, 49(12), 1194-1200.
  • Rössler, B., Lahner, D., Schebesta, K., Chiari, A. ve Plöchl, W. (2012). Medical information on the Internet: Quality assessment of lumbar puncture and neuroaxial block techniques on YouTube. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 6(114), 655-658.
  • Stokel-Walker, C. (2020). Covid-19: The doctors turned YouTubers. Bmj, 17(4671), 1-10.
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There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yasemin Bilişli 0000-0001-9272-9568

Publication Date December 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 9

Cite

APA Bilişli, Y. (2022). YouTube Videolarında Covid-19 Aşısı ve İnfodemi. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi(9), 179-203. https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1088518