Review Article

Financial Use of Orphans Property According to Üsküdar Court Records (1850-1856)

Volume: 6 Number: Özel Sayı October 15, 2023
EN TR

Financial Use of Orphans Property According to Üsküdar Court Records (1850-1856)

Abstract

While the financial system in the Ottoman Empire was shaped within the framework of Islamic law, it remained at the local level, especially in the classical period, and after the declaration of the Edict of Gülhane, it became centralized and entered the process of institutionalization. Examples of financial instruments in the classical period include middle funds (are safe-deposit boxes in Ottoman Empire), avariz foundations (special ottoman foundation for helping one another) and money foundations. Money foundations, which were established in the first quarter of the 15th century, were one of the regional financial instruments that donate a person's movable property and enable it to be used for charitable purposes. The continuation of the aforementioned financial resources is the orphan chests (eytam funds). Orphan chests created with the property of orphaned children in the society, as a continuation of the tradition of cash foundations, lent money to people in need of cash by functioning as a bank. The exact date of the establishment of the orphan chests is not known. However, they were established in the Ottoman Empire to protect the socio-economic rights of children who had lost their families. Orphan chests were structures that received and managed the property of orphaned children inherited from their parents as funds. The chests, which aimed both to manage orphans' money and to provide loans with regional financial resources, were tried to be controlled from the center after 1850, when they were exposed to the frauds of malicious employees and guardians over time. For this purpose, Orphans Ministry was established in 1851 to supervise the funds. The capital of orphan chests consisted of all kinds of money jewelry, foundation income, houses, vineyards, gardens, fields, farms, etc. left by the deceased parents to their children,. Cash and jewelery were transferred to the chests and money was lent to people who demanded cash with certain interest rates in exchange for collateral. Although it was requested to transfer the chests kept in the covered bazaars to the Orphans Ministry building, the old tradition was continued and preserved in the covered bazaars. First of all, many people, including tradesmen, merchants and jewelers, demanded cash from the orphanage funds within the framework of their needs. Before 1851, The funds/ballot boxes were disorganised and operated without any rules, but since then they have operated with certain rules and limitations. According to the rule of the 1851 Orphans Regulations in Ottoman Empire the funds that give loans to everyone have no longer given loans to their employees and guardians of orphans. Although this restriction continued until 1906, after this date, they still lent money with certain rules and limitations. After the orphan child reached the age of majority, the money accumulated in the ballot box was handed over to the child in the presence of the judge and the account was closed. Today, we are able to obtain information on how many ballot boxes there were in which region and how they functioned from the account books in which the loans are written. This study on the financial utilization of orphans' property, which is based on an analysis of the accounting records of the orphans chests in the Üsküdar court records (şer’iyye registers), provides information on the formation and functioning of the orphans chests. An analysis of the debt records of the Üsküdar orphans chests funds for the years 1850-1856 reveals that the funds acted in accordance with the rules and procedures of the endowments in the money foundations rather than the rules of regulations. Üsküdar orphans chests, which can be considered as a financial instrument, in our opinion, were late in adapting to the rules of regulation and could not abandon the rules of the money foundations. The people who demanded and borrowing money from the funds acted independently of the rules of the 1851 Orphans Regulations in Ottoman Empire and the Orphans Chests Regulations in Ottoman Empire in terms of maturity periods and interest rates. This study, in which the aforementioned issues are presented with concrete examples and statistical data, aims to show the transactions carried out in the funds of Üsküdar orphans. In our opinion, especially in the first years of the establishment of Orphans Ministry, there were also orphans chests in different regions that continued the money foundations. This is the subject of a separate study. As time passed, the provincial funds operating in the provinces were able to deviate from the rules of regulation.

Keywords

ottoman empire , islamic finance , uskudar , orphans chests , orphan

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APA
Güler, M., & Kızıldağ, N. (2023). Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856). Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, 6(Özel Sayı), 265-285. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1308537
AMA
1.Güler M, Kızıldağ N. Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856). Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2023;6(Özel Sayı):265-285. doi:10.52637/kiid.1308537
Chicago
Güler, Mustafa, and Necla Kızıldağ. 2023. “Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856)”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 6 (Özel Sayı): 265-85. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1308537.
EndNote
Güler M, Kızıldağ N (October 1, 2023) Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856). Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 6 Özel Sayı 265–285.
IEEE
[1]M. Güler and N. Kızıldağ, “Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856)”, Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, vol. 6, no. Özel Sayı, pp. 265–285, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.52637/kiid.1308537.
ISNAD
Güler, Mustafa - Kızıldağ, Necla. “Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856)”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 6/Özel Sayı (October 1, 2023): 265-285. https://doi.org/10.52637/kiid.1308537.
JAMA
1.Güler M, Kızıldağ N. Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856). Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2023;6:265–285.
MLA
Güler, Mustafa, and Necla Kızıldağ. “Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856)”. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, vol. 6, no. Özel Sayı, Oct. 2023, pp. 265-8, doi:10.52637/kiid.1308537.
Vancouver
1.Mustafa Güler, Necla Kızıldağ. Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856). Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi. 2023 Oct. 1;6(Özel Sayı):265-8. doi:10.52637/kiid.1308537