Fabrication and Characterization of Persea Gratissima Oil Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles and Investigation of Its Neuroprotective Effects

Abstract

Persea gratissima known as avocado is a valuable plant. P. gratissima (PgO) oil is used in traditional medicine to treat several health problems because of its numerous biological properties. P. gratissima is a source of phytosterols and has effects as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and neuroprotective activities for in vitro and in vivo models. The aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize the PgO loaded chitosan nanoparticles and investigate the neuroprotective effects in vitro. According to neuroprotective effects, we prepared nanocapsulation of P. gratissima with chitosan using by ionic gelation method. Mitochondrial activity of P. gratissima, chitosan nanoparticles and PgO loaded chitosan nanoparticles were investigated by XTT method on SH-SY5Y and L929 cell lines comparatively. Obtained results showed that PgO loaded chitosan nanoparticles have a proliferative effect for SH-SY5Y cell line as a neuroprotective agent and no side effect for both SH-SY5Y and L929 cell lines. In conclusion PgO loaded chitosan nanoparticles are promising for neural regeneration and candidate for further in vitro and in vivo evaluation as a potential neurodegenerative disease drug formula.

Keywords

• Chitosan
• Encapsulation
• Persea gratissima
• Nanoparticles
• Neuroprotection

Supporting Institution

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and also Istanbul Gelisim University Scientific Research Projects Application and Research Centre

Project Number

115S132 and 117S097 and also KAP-270320-SYB

References

1. [1] Abubakar A.N.F., Achmadi S.S., Suparto I.H., 2017. Triterpenoid of Avocado (Persea americana) Seed and Its Cytotoxic Activity Toward Breast MCF-7 and Liver Hepg2 Cancer Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(5), pp. 397-400.
2. [2] Lu Y.C., Chang H.S., Peng C.F., Lin C.H., Chen I.S., 2012. Secondary Metabolites from The Unripe Pulp of Persea americana and Their Antimycobacterial Activities. Food Chem, 135(4), pp. 2904-2909.
3. [3] Jorge T.d.S., Polachini T.C., Dias L.S., Jorge N., Telis-Romero J., 2015. Physicochemical and Rheological Characterization of Avocado Oils. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 39, pp. 390-400.
4. [4] Harborne J.B., Williams C.A., 2000. Advances in Flavonoid Research since 1992. Phytochemistry, 55(6), pp. 481-504.
5. [5] Alvárez J.M., Juan M., Luis E.C., Alegría C.P., Ana B.R.M., Ignacio F., Alberto F.G., 2016. Phenolic Constituents of Leaves from Persea caerulea Ruiz & Pav; Mez (Lauraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 67, pp. 53-57.
6. [6] Leite J.J., Brito E.H., Cordeiro R.A., Brilhante R.S., Sidrim J.J., Bertini L.M., Morais S.M., Rocha M.F., 2009. Chemical Composition, Toxicity and Larvicidal and Antifungal Activities of Persea americana (Avocado) Seed Extracts. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 42(2), pp. 110-113.
7. [7] Kruthiventi A.K., Krishnaswamy N.R., 2000. Constituents of the Flowers of Persea gratissima. Fitoterapia, 71(1), pp. 94-96.
8. [8] Schlemper S.R., Schlemper V., da Silva D., Cordeiro F., Cruz A.B., Oliveira A.E., Cechinel-Filho V., 2001. Antibacterial Activity of Persea Cordata Stem Barks. Fitoterapia, 2(1), pp. 73-75.

9. [9] Miranda M.M., Almeida A.P., Costa S.S., Santos M.G., Lagrota M.H., Wigg M.D., 1997. In Vitro Activity of Extracts of Persea Americana Leaves on Acyclovir-Resistant and Phosphonoacetic Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus. Phytomedicine, 4(4), pp. 347-352.
10. [10] Nicolella H.D., Neto F.R., Corrêa M.B., Lopes D.H., Rondon E.N., Dos Santos L.F.R., de Oliveira P.F., Damasceno J.L., Acésio N.O., Turatti I.C.C., Tozatti M.G., Cunha W.R., Furtado R.A., Tavares D.C., 2017. Toxicogenetic Study of Persea Americana Fruit Pulp Oil and Its Effect on Genomic Instability. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 101, pp. 114 - 120.
11. [11] Terasawa,N., Sakakibara, M., Murata, M., 2006. Antioxidative Activity of Avocado Epicarp Hot Water Extract. Food Science and Technology Research, 12, pp. 55–58.
12. [12] Chun H.S., Kim J.M., Choi E.H., Chang N., 2008. Neuroprotective Effects of Several Korean Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for Stroke Remedy. J Med Food, 11(2), pp. 246-251.
13. [13] Mahaddalkar T., Suri C., Naik P.K., Lopus M., 2015. Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Beta-Sitosterol as A Tubulin- Binding Anticancer Agent. Eur J Pharmacol, 760, pp. 154-62.
14. [14] Duester K.C., 2001. Avocado Fruit is a Rich Source of Beta-Sitosterol. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(4), pp. 404-405.
15. [15] Soodabeh Saeidnia A.M., Gohari A.R., Abdollahi M., 2014. The Story of Beta-sitosterol- A Review. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(5), pp. 590-609.
16. [16] Bouic P.J.D., Etsebeth S., Liebenberg R.W., Albrecht C.F., Pegel K., Van Jaarsveld P.P., 1996. Beta-Sitosterol and Beta-Sitosterol Glucoside Stimulate Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation: Implications for Their Use as An Immunomodulatory Vitamin Combination. International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 18(12), pp. 693-700.
17. [17] Hamedi A., Ghanbari A., Razavipour R., Saeidi V., Zarshenas M.M., Sohrabpour M., Azari H., 2015. Alyssum homolocarpum Seeds: Phytochemical Analysis and Effects of The Seed Oil on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Journal of Natural Medicines, 69(3), pp. 387-396.
18. [18] Ghayempour S., Montazer M., 2016. Micro/Nanoencapsulation of Essential Oils and Fragrances: Focus on Perfumed, Antimicrobial, Mosquito-Repellent and Medical Textiles. Journal of Microencapsulation, 33(6), pp. 497-510.
19. [19] Nelson G., 2013. 4-Microencapsulated Colourants for Technical Textile Application, in Advances in the Dyeing and Finishing of Technical Textiles, 1st ed., Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, Cambridge.
20. [20] Budama-Kilinc Y., Cakir-Koc R., Kaya Z., 2017. Chemistry Preparation and Cytotoxicity of Coriandrum sativum L. Oil Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, 5(1), pp. 179-92.
21. [21] Ghayempour S., Mortazavi S.M., 2013. Fabrication of Micro–Nanocapsules by A New Electrospraying Method Using Coaxial Jets and Examination of Effective Parameters On Their Production. Journal of Electrostatics, 71(4), pp. 717-727.
22. [22] Badulescu R., Vera V., Darja J., Bojana V., 2008. Grafting of Ethylcellulose Microcapsules onto Cotton Fibers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 71(1), pp. 85-91.
23. [23] Rodea-Gonzialez D.A, Cruz-Olivares J., Román-Guerrero A., Rodríguez-Huezo M.E., 2012. Spraydried Encapsulation of Chia Essential Oil (Salvia hispanica L.) In Whey Protein Concentrate-Polysaccharide Matrices. Journal of Food Engineering, 111, pp. 102-109.
24. [24] Ortiz-Avila O., Esquivel-Martínez M., Olmos-Orizaba B.E., Saavedra-Molina A., Rodriguez-Orozco A.R., Cortés-Rojo C., 2015. Avocado Oil Improves Mitochondrial Function and Decreases Oxidative Stress in Brain of Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res, pp. 485-489.
25. [25] Çakir Koç R., Budama-Kilinc Y., Kaya Z., Berber Orcen B., Ucarkus E., 2018. Coconut Oil-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for The Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial Activity, and Antibiofilm Properties. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(3), pp. 1-7.
26. [26] Calvo P., Remuoon-Lopez C., Vila-Jato J. L., Alonso M. J., 1997. Novel Hydrophilic Chitosan-Polyethylene Oxide Nanoparticles as Protein Carriers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 63(1), pp. 125-132.
27. [27] Esmaeili A., Asgari A., 2015. In Vitro Release and Biological Activities of Carum Copticum Essential Oil (CEO) Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol, 81, pp. 283-290.
28. [28] Mohammadi A., Hashemi M., Hosseini S.M., 2015. Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Essential Oil Enhance the Shelf Life of Cucumber During Cold Storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 110, pp. 203-213.
29. [29] Salazar M.J., El Hafidi M., Pastelin G., Ramírez-Ortega M.C., Sánchez-Mendoza M.A., 2005. Effect of an Avocado Oil-Rich Diet Over an Angiotensin II-Induced Blood Pressure Response. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 98(3), pp. 335-338.
30. [30] Oberlies N.H., Rogers L.L., Martin J.M., McLaughlin J.L., 1998. Cytotoxic and Insecticidal Constituents of the Unripe Fruit of Persea Americana. J Nat Prod, 61(6), pp. 781-785.
31. [31] Kim O.K., Murakami A., Nakamura Y., Takeda N., Yoshizumi H., Ohigashi H., 2000. Novel Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Generation Inhibitors, Persenone A and B, From Avocado Fruit. J Agric Food Chem, 48(5), pp. 1557-1563.
32. [32] Adeboye J.O., Fajonyomi M.O., Makinde J.M., Taiwo O.B., 1999. A Preliminary Study On the Hypotensive Activity of Persea Americana Leaf Extracts in Anaesthetized Normotensive Rats. Fitoterapia, 70(1), pp. 15-20.
33. [33] Hashimura H., Ueda C., Kawabata J., Kasai T., 2001. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylaseinhibitors fFrom Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Fruits. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 65, pp. 1656–1658.
34. [34] Werman M., Mokady, S., Neeman, I., 1990. Partial Isolation and Characterization of a New Natural Inhibitor of Lysyl Oxidase from Avocado Seed Oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38, pp. 2164-2168.
35. [35] Kawagishi H., Fukumoto Y., Hatakeyama M., He P., Arimoto H., Matsuzawa T., Arimoto Y., Suganuma H., Inakuma T., Sugiyama K., 2001. Liver Injury Suppressing Compounds from Avocado (Persea americana). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemis, 49, pp. 2215-2221.
36. [36] Budama-Kilinc Y., Cakir-Koc R., Kecel-Gunduz S., Kokcu Y., Bicak B., Mutlu H., Ozel A.E., 2018. Novel NAC-Loaded Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide Acid) Nanoparticles for Cataract Treatment: Preparation, Characterization, Evaluation of Structure, Cytotoxicity, and Molecular Docking Studies. PeerJ, 6, pp. e4270.
37. [37] Kumar M., 2000. A review of Chitin and Chitosan Applications. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 46(1), pp. 1-27.
38. [38] Law B.Y.K., Wu A.G., Wang MJ.., Zhu Y.Z., 2017. Chinese Medicine: A Hope for Neurodegenerative Diseases? J Alzheimers Dis, 60(s1), pp. 151-160.