NUMERICAL ANALYSES OF THERMAL PERFORMANCES OF THE CONVENTIONAL AND THE IMMERSION COOLING METHODS FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACKS

Year 2023, , 645 - 659, 01.09.2023

Furkan Ergül , Kenan Tüfekçi

https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1242653

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The transition from fossil fuel vehicles to electric has increased rapidly in recent years to reduce carbon emissions and use accessible energy. The main obstacles to the widespread use of electric vehicles are limited battery capacities, long charging times, thermal management in sudden charge and discharge situations and thermal runaway risks. The adverse effects of non-homogeneous temperature distribution on electrically driven vehicles have demonstrated the necessity of a thermal management system. The most used thermal management systems in practice are air-cooled, cooling plate (pipe) systems and direct dielectric cooling systems, which have recently become widespread. This study focused on the thermal analyses of the different thermal cooling methods. All analyses have been conducted using Ansys Fluent software. It has been observed that the dielectric direct cooling method, which is the newest method, has a performance value of 12% better than other systems at 1C normal operating conditions.

Keywords

Battery Pack Thermal Management, Dielectric Coolant, Efficiency and Performance, Electrical Vehicles, Energy, Finite Volumes Analysis

References

• Amalesh, T., Narasimhan, L. N., ‘‘Cooling of a lithium-ion battery using phase change material with air/dielectric fluid media: A numerical study’’, Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 234(5), pp. 722-738, 2020.
• E. Langer, “Liquid cooling for EV charging – what we know to keep electric vehicles on the go,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.cpcworldwide.com/Portals/0/Library/Resources/Literature/WhitePapers/Documents/CPC-Liquid%20Cooling%20in%20Electric%20Vehicles.pdf [Accessed Feb. 2023].
• EPA, “US Environmental Protection Agency,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/ [Accessed Jan. 2023].
• Castrol, “Castrol Coolant Fluent,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.castrol.com/tr_tr/turkey/home/technology-and-innovation/castrol-e-sivilari/sogutucu-e-sivilari.html [Accessed Feb. 2023].
• Mivolt, “Liquid Immersion Cooling,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://mivoltcooling.com/ [Accessed Feb. 2023].
• Zhao, G., Wang, X., Negnevitsky, M., Li, C., ‘‘An up-to-date review on the design improvement and optimization of the liquid-cooling battery thermal management system for electric vehicles’’, Applied Thermal Energy, vol 219, part B, 25 Jan 2023, 119626, Nov. 2022.
• Xing, “Xing Mobility Technology,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.xingmobility.com/ [Accessed Feb. 2023].
• Z. Rao, S. Wang, ‘‘A review of power battery thermal energy management’’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 15, issue 9, pp 4551-4571, Dec 2011.
• J. Han, S. K. Garud, S. Hwang, Y. Lee, ‘‘Experimental Study on Dielectric Fluid Immersion Cooling for Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery’’, Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles, vol 14(10), 2126, 2022.
• C. Roe, X. Feng, G. White, R. Li, H. Wang, R. Xinyu, X. Li, F. Zhang, V. Null, M. Perkes, Y. Patel, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Ouyang, G. Offer, B. Wu, ‘‘Immersion cooling for lithium-ion batteries – A review’’, Journal of Power Sources, vol 525, 231094, March 2022.
• X. Zhang, L. Zhao, L. Luo, Y. Fan, Z. Du, ‘’A review on thermal management of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles’’, Energy, Volume 238, Part A, 121652, January 2022.
• D. Chen, J. Jiang, G. Kim, C. Yang, ‘’Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium-ion battery cells’’, Applied Thermal Engineering, 94(2), September 2015.
• M. Liu, Y. Ouyang, Y. Cheng L. Lu, "A comparative study of air cooling, liquid cooling and phase change cooling in lithium-ion batteries thermal management for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, vol. 211, pp. 51-60, Feb. 2018.
• M. Zhao, Z. Lu, W. Wang, J. Liu, K. Cheng, "Experimental Study on Thermal Performance of Three Kinds of Cooling Methods for Lithium-Ion Power Battery," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 145, pp. 87-94, Oct. 2018.
• A. Herman, ‘‘Liquid cooling manifold with multi-function thermal interface,’’ U.S. Patent US8263250B2, 2010.
• M. S. Çetin, B. Karakaya, T. M. Gençoğlu, ‘‘Modelling of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles’’, Fırat University Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 33(2), 755-763, 2021.
• P. Ramadass, B. Haran, R. White, N. B. Popov, ‘‘Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures: Part I. Cycling performance’’, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 112, issue 2, pp. 606-613, Nov. 2002.
• E. Çetkin, ‘‘The rise of electric vehicles and battery thermal management system’’, Engineer and Machine, pp. 29-33, Nov. 2020.
• Alldatasheet, Cell Properties, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.alldatasheet.com/ [Accessed Jan. 2023].
• ANSYS, Fluent. ANSYS, Inc. [Online]. Available: https://www.ansys.com/products/fluids/ansys-fluent [Accessed Jan. 2023].
• C. Bayındırlı, M. Çelik, M. Demiraylı, ‘‘The Investigation of Flow Characteristic Around a Bus Model by CFD Method and Improvement of Drag Force by Passive Flow Control Method’’, Journal of Polytechnic, vol. 21(4), pp. 785-795, 2018.
• G. A. Stefanopoulou, Y. Kim, ‘‘System-level management of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries’’, Rechargeable Lithium Batteries from Fundamentals to Applications, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, pp. 281-302, 2015.
• P. Kosky, G. Wise, ‘‘Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient – An overview’’, Exploding Engineering, 2013.
• Y. M. Kaba, O. Kalkan, A. Celen, ‘‘The Investigation of Batteries and Thermal Management Systems Used in Electric Vehicles’’, Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol.9, no. 4, 1119-1136, 2021.
• V. Mali, R. Saxena, K. Kumar, A. Kalam, B. Tripathi, ‘‘Review on battery thermal management systems for energy-efficient electric vehicles’’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 151, 111611, Nov. 2021.
• P. Dubey, G. Pulugundla, K. A. Srouji, Direct Comparison of Immersion and Cold-Plate Based Cooling for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Modules, Energies, vol. 14(5), 1259, 2021.
• K. V. Jithin, P. K. Rajesh, "Numerical analysis of single-phase liquid immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management using different dielectric fluids’’, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. pp. 188, 2022.
• S. M. Patil, J. Seo, M. Lee, ‘‘A novel dielectric fluid immersion cooling technology for Li-ion battery thermal management’’, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 229, 113715, Feb. 2021.