ELEKTRİKLİ ARAÇLARDA KULLANILAN BATARYALAR VE TERMAL YÖNETİM SİSTEMLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Günümüzde içten yanmalı motorlara sahip araçlarla karşılaştırıldıklarında çevreci ve daha yüksek verimli olmaları sebebiyle elektrikli araçlar ön plana çıkmaktadırlar. Elektrikli araçları oluşturan en önemli ekipmanlardan biri olan bataryanın seçimi ve termal yönetimi önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, elektrikli araçların genel görünümü (tarihçesi, sınıflandırılması, satış sayıları, pazar payları), elektrikli araçlarda kullanılabilecek batarya türleri ve batarya termal yönetim sistemleri araştırılırmıştır. Uygulamalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan farklı batarya çeşitleri karakteristik özelliklerine göre karşılaştırılmış olup bu bataryalar arasından elektrikli araçlarda kullanabilecek/kullanılan batarya türünün yüksek özgül enerji (118-250 Wh/kg), yüksek enerji yoğunluğu (200-400 Wh/L), yüksek özgül güç (200-430 W/kg), yüksek çevrim ömrü (2000) ve ideal çalışma sıcaklığı (-20oC-60oC) özellikleri ile lityum iyon bataryalar olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bataryalardan en fazla performansın elde edilmesi için kullanılabilecek termal yönetim sistemleri incelenmiş olup bu yöntemlerin avantaj ve dezavantajlarından bahsedilmiştir. Düşük ısıl yüke sahip araçlarda (hibrit elektrikli araçlar vb.) hava ile soğutmanın yeterli olduğu görülmüş olup yüksek ısıl yüke sahip araçlarda (tam elektrikli araçlarda) ise sıvı akışkanlı ve hibrit soğutma yöntemlerinin kullanımının uygun olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elektrikli araçlar
• Bataryalar
• Batarya termal yönetim sistemleri

The Investigation of Batteries and Thermal Management Systems Used in Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Nowadays, electric vehicles come to the fore more than vehicles with internal combustion engines since electric vehicles are environmentally friendly and highly more efficient. Selection and thermal management of the battery, which is one of the most important equipment that constitutes electric vehicles, is important. In this study, the general view (history, classification, sales numbers, market shares) of electric vehicles, battery types that can be used in electric vehicles and battery thermal management systems were investigated. Different types of batteries commonly used in applications are compared according to their characteristics, and among these batteries, it has been observed that the type of battery that can be used in electric vehicles is lithium-ion batteries which have high specific energy (118-250 Wh/kg), high energy density (200-400 Wh/L), high specific power (200-430 W/kg), high cycle life (2000) and ideal operating temperature (-20oC-60oC). The thermal management systems, which can be used to obtain maximum performance from these batteries, are investigated and advantages and disadvantages of these methods are investigated. While it has been seen that air cooling is sufficient in vehicles with low thermal load (hybrid electric vehicles, etc.), it is observed that the use of liquid and hybrid cooling methods is appropriate in vehicles with high thermal load (full electric vehicles).

Keywords

• Electric vehicles
• batteries
• battery thermal management systems

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