Research Article
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The Effect of Different Types of Boron Minerals on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Geopolymer Based Mortars

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 162 - 174, 01.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1039416

Abstract

Geopolymer-based materials produced by activating industrial by-products such as fly ash, slag, and metakaolin with alkali activators have engineering properties that compete with Portland cement (PC)-based composites. However, it is necessary to diversify the raw material sources with different industrial by-products to be used more widely compared to the current PC production volumes. In this sense, the evaluation of calcium (Ca)-based colemanite, sodium (Na)-based tincal and both calcium and sodium-based ulexite in cement-free geopolymer mixtures may make these types of boron minerals more valuable than their use in PC-based composites. In this study, research on the mechanical properties and microstructure effects of colemanite, ulexite and tincal-based boron minerals as binders in the production of geopolymers has been studied. In the results, it was observed that the tincal substitution was comparable to the reference mixtures containing 100% slag, although colemanite and ulexite reduced the mechanical properties. Research findings show that tincal is more suitable for use as a substitute than colemanite and ulexite. However, it is thought that boroaluminosilicates should be handled more comprehensively by testing tincal as an alkali activator as well as its substitution as a binder.

References

  • Andrew, R.B., 2018. “Global CO2 emissions from cement production”. Earth System Science Data, 10, 195- 217.
  • Boden, T. A., Andres, R. J., ve Marland, G. 2017. “Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions”. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., U.S. Department of Energy, USA.
  • Duxson, P., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Provis, J.L., 2007. “Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art”. Journal of Materials Science, 42, 2917–2933.
  • Firdous, R., Stephan D., 2019. “Effect of silica modulus on the geopolymerization activity of natural pozzolans”, Construction and Building Materials, 219, 31-43.
  • Liu H., Sanjayan J.G, Bu, Y., 2017. “The application of sodium hydroxide and anhydrous borax as composite activator of class F fly ash for extending setting time”. Fuel, 206, 534-540.
  • Özkan, Ş.G., 1999. “A practical approach to solubility of colemanite ores”, The Institution of Mining and Metalurgy Transactions; Section C, 108, C53-C55.
  • Özkan, Ş.G., Güngören, C., Eskibalcı, 2008, “Effects of Ultrasonic Energy on Solubility of Colemanite and Ulexite”, proc. 11th Int. Mineral processing Symposium, 823- 828, Antalya.
  • Pacheco-Torgal, P., Abdollahnejad, Z., Camões, A.F., Jamshidi, M., Ding Y. 2012. “Durability of alkali-activated binders: A clear advantage over Portland cement or an unproven issue?”. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 400-405
  • Palomo, A., Krivenko, P., Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Kavalerova, E., Maltseva, O., & Fernández-Jiménez, A. 2014. “A review on alkaline activation: new analytical persectives”. Materiales D, 64, 315.
  • Pehlivanoğlu, H.C., Davraz M., Kılınçarslan, Ş. 2013. “Bor bileşiklerinin çimento priz süresine etkisi ve denetlenebilirliği”. SDU International Technologic Science, 5, 3, 39-48.
  • Provis, J.L., 2014. “Geopolymers and other alkali activated materials: why, how, and what?”. Materials and Structures 47, 11–25.
  • Purdon, A.O., 1940. “The Action of Alkalis on Blast-Furnace Slag”. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 59, 9, 191-202.
  • Revathi T., Jeyalakshmi R., 2021. “Fly ash–GGBS geopolymer in boron environment: A study on rheology and microstructure by ATR FT-IR and MAS NMR”, Construction and Building Materials, 267, 120965.
  • TBDY 2019. “Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği. Deprem Etkisi Altında Binaların Tasarımı İçin Esaslar”. Ankara: 1-416.
  • Wongpa, J., Jantathai, S., Cheerarot, R”., 2015. “Compressive Strength Development Of Inorganic Polymeric Mortars: Effects Of Water Glass And Curing”. Mahasarakham International Journal of Engineerıng Technology, 1, 1-5"
  • Yip, C. K., Lukey, G. C., van Deventer ve Te, J. S. J., 2005. “Coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation”. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1688–1697.
  • Zawrah, M.F., Gado, R.A., Feltin, N. Ducourtieux, S. Devoille, l., 2016. “Recycling and utilization assessment of waste fired clay bricks (Grog) with granulated blast-furnace slag for geopolymer production”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 103, 237-251.

FARKLI TÜR BOR MİNERALLERİNİN JEOPOLİMER ESASLI HARÇLARIN MEKANİK VE MİKRO YAPI ÖZELLİKLERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 162 - 174, 01.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1039416

Abstract

Uçucu kül, cüruf, metakaolin gibi endüstriyel yan ürünlerin alkali aktivatörlerle aktive edilmesiyle üretilen jeopolimer esaslı malzemeler, Portland çimentosu (PÇ) esaslı kompozitlerle rekabet eden mühendislik özelliklerine sahiptir. Ancak, hali hazırda PÇ üretim hacimleriyle karşılaştırıldığında, daha yaygın olarak kullanılması için farklı endüstriyel yan ürünlerle hammadde kaynaklarını çeşitlendirmek gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda, kalsiyum (Ca) tabanlı kolemanit, sodyum (Na) tabanlı tinkal ve hem kalsiyum hem de sodyum tabanlı üleksitin çimento içermeyen jeopolimerli karışımlarda değerlendirilmesi, bu tür bor minerallerini PÇ esaslı kompozitlerdeki kullanımına kıyasla daha değerli kılabilir. Bu çalışmada, kolemanit, üleksit ve tinkal esaslı bor minerallerinin bağlayıcı olarak jeopolimer üretiminde kullanılmasının mekanik özelliklere ve mikro yapı etkilerine dair araştırma ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlarda kolemanit ve üleksitin mekanik özellikleri kötüleştirmesine rağmen, tinkal ikamesinin %100 cüruf içeren referans karışımları ile kıyaslanabilir olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma bulguları, kolemanit ve üleksitten ziyade, tinkalin ikame olarak kullanıma daha uygun olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak tinkalin bağlayıcı olarak ikamesinin yanında, alkali aktivatör olarak parametrik şekilde sınanarak boroaluminosilikatların daha kapsamlı olarak ayırt edilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Andrew, R.B., 2018. “Global CO2 emissions from cement production”. Earth System Science Data, 10, 195- 217.
  • Boden, T. A., Andres, R. J., ve Marland, G. 2017. “Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions”. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Lab., U.S. Department of Energy, USA.
  • Duxson, P., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Provis, J.L., 2007. “Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art”. Journal of Materials Science, 42, 2917–2933.
  • Firdous, R., Stephan D., 2019. “Effect of silica modulus on the geopolymerization activity of natural pozzolans”, Construction and Building Materials, 219, 31-43.
  • Liu H., Sanjayan J.G, Bu, Y., 2017. “The application of sodium hydroxide and anhydrous borax as composite activator of class F fly ash for extending setting time”. Fuel, 206, 534-540.
  • Özkan, Ş.G., 1999. “A practical approach to solubility of colemanite ores”, The Institution of Mining and Metalurgy Transactions; Section C, 108, C53-C55.
  • Özkan, Ş.G., Güngören, C., Eskibalcı, 2008, “Effects of Ultrasonic Energy on Solubility of Colemanite and Ulexite”, proc. 11th Int. Mineral processing Symposium, 823- 828, Antalya.
  • Pacheco-Torgal, P., Abdollahnejad, Z., Camões, A.F., Jamshidi, M., Ding Y. 2012. “Durability of alkali-activated binders: A clear advantage over Portland cement or an unproven issue?”. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 400-405
  • Palomo, A., Krivenko, P., Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Kavalerova, E., Maltseva, O., & Fernández-Jiménez, A. 2014. “A review on alkaline activation: new analytical persectives”. Materiales D, 64, 315.
  • Pehlivanoğlu, H.C., Davraz M., Kılınçarslan, Ş. 2013. “Bor bileşiklerinin çimento priz süresine etkisi ve denetlenebilirliği”. SDU International Technologic Science, 5, 3, 39-48.
  • Provis, J.L., 2014. “Geopolymers and other alkali activated materials: why, how, and what?”. Materials and Structures 47, 11–25.
  • Purdon, A.O., 1940. “The Action of Alkalis on Blast-Furnace Slag”. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 59, 9, 191-202.
  • Revathi T., Jeyalakshmi R., 2021. “Fly ash–GGBS geopolymer in boron environment: A study on rheology and microstructure by ATR FT-IR and MAS NMR”, Construction and Building Materials, 267, 120965.
  • TBDY 2019. “Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği. Deprem Etkisi Altında Binaların Tasarımı İçin Esaslar”. Ankara: 1-416.
  • Wongpa, J., Jantathai, S., Cheerarot, R”., 2015. “Compressive Strength Development Of Inorganic Polymeric Mortars: Effects Of Water Glass And Curing”. Mahasarakham International Journal of Engineerıng Technology, 1, 1-5"
  • Yip, C. K., Lukey, G. C., van Deventer ve Te, J. S. J., 2005. “Coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation”. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1688–1697.
  • Zawrah, M.F., Gado, R.A., Feltin, N. Ducourtieux, S. Devoille, l., 2016. “Recycling and utilization assessment of waste fired clay bricks (Grog) with granulated blast-furnace slag for geopolymer production”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 103, 237-251.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Oğuzhan Öztürk 0000-0003-3085-4528

Publication Date March 1, 2022
Submission Date December 21, 2021
Acceptance Date January 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE O. Öztürk, “FARKLI TÜR BOR MİNERALLERİNİN JEOPOLİMER ESASLI HARÇLARIN MEKANİK VE MİKRO YAPI ÖZELLİKLERİNE ETKİSİ”, KONJES, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 162–174, 2022, doi: 10.36306/konjes.1039416.