Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 601 - 609, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1244222

Abstract

References

  • E. Thomsen, "New Light on the Origin of the Holy Black Stone of the Ka'ba," Meteoritics, vol. 15, p. 87, March 01, 1980. [Online]. Available: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Metic..15...87T.
  • E. McSweeney and M. Salem. "The Black Stone of Mecca like you've never seen before." CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/saudi‐arabia‐black‐stone‐scli‐intl/index.html (accessed 4th May,2021).
  • H. J. Axon, "The black stone of the Ka'ba: suggestions as to its constitution," J Mater Sci Lett, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10‐12, 1982/01/01 1982, doi: 10.1007/BF00724705.
  • S. Chopra, "Black Stone of Mecca," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, T. e. o. E. Britannica, Ed., ed, 2012.
  • R. S. Dietz and J. McHone, "Kaaba Stone: Not a meteorite, probably an agate," Meteoritics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 173‐179, 1974, doi: 10.1111/j.1945‐5100.1974.tb00072.x.
  • J. L. Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia; comprehending an account of those territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans regard as sacred 1829.
  • M. A. R. Khan, "On the meteoritic origin of the Black Stone of the Ka'bah.," Popular Astronomy, vol. 46, pp. 403‐407, 1938.
  • J. G. Burke, Cosmic debris : meteorites in history. Berkeley (Calif.) [etc.: University of California Press (in English), 1986.
  • T. E. Lawrence, Seven pillars of wisdom : a triumph. (in English), 2013.
  • A. Sprenger, Die alte Geographie Arabiens als Grundlage der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Semitismus. Bern,: Commissionsverlag von Huber, 1875, p. 343 p.
  • H. von Maltzan, Meine Wallfahrt nach Mekka. Reise in der Kiistengegend und im Innern von Hedschas I‐II. Leipzig: Dyk'sche Buchliand‐ lung, , 1865.
  • P. M. Partsch, Uber den schwarzen Stein in der Kaaba zu Mekka. [Wien]: [K.K. Hof‐und Staatsdruckerei] (in German), 1857.
  • G. T. Prior, Catalogue of Meteorites. London: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 1953.
  • C. Demirci, "Hacer‐ül Esved'in bir parçası da Edirne'de." [Online]. Available: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur‐sanat/hacer‐ul‐esvedin‐bir‐parcasi‐da‐edirnede/842769
  • M. E. Gettings, H. R. Blank Jr., W. D. Mooney, and J. H. Healey, "Crustal structure of southwestern Saudi Arabia," Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 91, no. B6, pp. 6491‐6512, 1986, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB06p06491.
  • K. Abdelrahman, A. M. Alamri, N. Al‐Otaibi, and M. Fnais, "Geotechnical assessment for the ground conditions in Makah Al‐Mukarramah city, Saudi Arabia," Journal of King Saud University ‐ Science, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 2112‐2121, 2020/04/01/ 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.02.011.
  • P. Johnson, "Tectonic map of Saudi Arabia and adjacent areas," Ministry for Mineral Resources, 1997.

FEATURES OF THE HAJAR AL‐ASWAD, BLACK STONE OF MAKKAH, SAUDI ARABIA

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 601 - 609, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1244222

Abstract

The Black Stone is composed of several dark‐coloured gravels (9.7‐27 mm) held together by a silver frame in the eastern wall of the Kaaba (Makkah). It contains long prismatic white crystal (0.64‐1.11 mm) and short prismatic black (0.33‐0.85 mm in length) crystal in an equigranular texture. Six and one additional pieces of the Black Stone are claimed to be in Istanbul and Edirne, Turkey. The stone of Edirne is composed of quartz (0.45‐6.57 mm, 47.02 %), white plagioclase (0.81‐2.97 mm, 38.49 %) and black amphibole (0.9‐2.43 mm, 14.49 %) crystals in a coarse‐grained texture, with the composition of tonalite. It is suggested that the stone could be from the Yemeni Corner of Kaaba originated from Makkah batholith, and different from those of İstanbul and Kaaba based on its colour and texture. In the whole world, the Black Stone is possibly the most respected rock believed to be as old as Adam and Eve, and an “Object from Heaven”. It is suggested to be glass, granite, agate, pseudometeorite or most popularly stony meteorite. But the origin of the black stone remains the subject of speculation due to a lack of analyses of modern scientific techniques.

References

  • E. Thomsen, "New Light on the Origin of the Holy Black Stone of the Ka'ba," Meteoritics, vol. 15, p. 87, March 01, 1980. [Online]. Available: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Metic..15...87T.
  • E. McSweeney and M. Salem. "The Black Stone of Mecca like you've never seen before." CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/saudi‐arabia‐black‐stone‐scli‐intl/index.html (accessed 4th May,2021).
  • H. J. Axon, "The black stone of the Ka'ba: suggestions as to its constitution," J Mater Sci Lett, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10‐12, 1982/01/01 1982, doi: 10.1007/BF00724705.
  • S. Chopra, "Black Stone of Mecca," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, T. e. o. E. Britannica, Ed., ed, 2012.
  • R. S. Dietz and J. McHone, "Kaaba Stone: Not a meteorite, probably an agate," Meteoritics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 173‐179, 1974, doi: 10.1111/j.1945‐5100.1974.tb00072.x.
  • J. L. Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia; comprehending an account of those territories in Hedjaz which the Mohammedans regard as sacred 1829.
  • M. A. R. Khan, "On the meteoritic origin of the Black Stone of the Ka'bah.," Popular Astronomy, vol. 46, pp. 403‐407, 1938.
  • J. G. Burke, Cosmic debris : meteorites in history. Berkeley (Calif.) [etc.: University of California Press (in English), 1986.
  • T. E. Lawrence, Seven pillars of wisdom : a triumph. (in English), 2013.
  • A. Sprenger, Die alte Geographie Arabiens als Grundlage der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Semitismus. Bern,: Commissionsverlag von Huber, 1875, p. 343 p.
  • H. von Maltzan, Meine Wallfahrt nach Mekka. Reise in der Kiistengegend und im Innern von Hedschas I‐II. Leipzig: Dyk'sche Buchliand‐ lung, , 1865.
  • P. M. Partsch, Uber den schwarzen Stein in der Kaaba zu Mekka. [Wien]: [K.K. Hof‐und Staatsdruckerei] (in German), 1857.
  • G. T. Prior, Catalogue of Meteorites. London: British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 1953.
  • C. Demirci, "Hacer‐ül Esved'in bir parçası da Edirne'de." [Online]. Available: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur‐sanat/hacer‐ul‐esvedin‐bir‐parcasi‐da‐edirnede/842769
  • M. E. Gettings, H. R. Blank Jr., W. D. Mooney, and J. H. Healey, "Crustal structure of southwestern Saudi Arabia," Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 91, no. B6, pp. 6491‐6512, 1986, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB06p06491.
  • K. Abdelrahman, A. M. Alamri, N. Al‐Otaibi, and M. Fnais, "Geotechnical assessment for the ground conditions in Makah Al‐Mukarramah city, Saudi Arabia," Journal of King Saud University ‐ Science, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 2112‐2121, 2020/04/01/ 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.02.011.
  • P. Johnson, "Tectonic map of Saudi Arabia and adjacent areas," Ministry for Mineral Resources, 1997.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kerim Kocak 0000-0002-4379-8791

Publication Date September 1, 2023
Submission Date January 29, 2023
Acceptance Date April 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

IEEE K. Kocak, “FEATURES OF THE HAJAR AL‐ASWAD, BLACK STONE OF MAKKAH, SAUDI ARABIA”, KONJES, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 601–609, 2023, doi: 10.36306/konjes.1244222.

Cited By

The meteoritic record of Arabia
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP550-2024-8