The Impact of Adaptive Leadership on Innovative Work Behavior in Complex Adaptive Systems: The Mediating Effect of Readiness for Change and the Moderating Effect of Organizational Resilience Perception

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the possible impact of adaptive leadership on readiness for change, the impact of readiness for change on innovative work behavior and the mediating effect of readiness for change between these two variables while the moderating effect of organizational resilience perception on the relationship between readiness for change and innovative work behavior. 277 online 141 face-to face, in total 418 responses were received from employees who work for private sector companies in Turkey. This study demonstrates evidence for the positive effect of adaptive leadership on readiness for change and positive effect of readiness for change on innovative work behavior. The study also supports that readiness for change has a mediation effect between adaptive leadership and innovative work behavior while organizational resilience perception moderates the relationship between readiness for change and innovative work behavior.

Keywords

• Adaptive Leadership
• Readiness for Change
• Organizational Resilience
• Innovative Work Behavior

Karmaşık Adaptif Sistemlerde Adaptif Liderliğin Yenilikçi İş Davranışı Üzerine Etkisinde Değişime Hazır Olmanın Aracı Rolü ile Örgütsel Dayanıklılık Algısının Düzenleyici Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı: karmaşık adaptif sistemlerde (KAS) adaptif liderliğin değişime hazır olma aracılığıyla yenilikçi iş davranışına olan etkisi ve değişime hazır olmanın yenilikçi iş davranışı üzerine olan etkisinde örgütsel dayanıklılık algısının düzenleyici etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Veriler Türkiye’de yerleşik özel sektör firmalarında çalışan toplam 418 katılımcıdan 277 çevrimiçi 141 yüz yüze anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Veri analizi SmartPLS programıyla yapılmış, modele ilişkin yol diyagramları belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, adaptif liderliğin değişime hazır olma üzerine pozitif etkisi, değişime hazır olmanın da yenilikçi iş davranışı üzerine pozitif etkisi olduğu; yeniliğe hazır olmanın bu iki değişken arasında aracılık rolü gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, çalışanların örgütsel dayanıklılık algısının, değişime hazır olmanın yenilikçi iş davranışı üzerine etkisinde düzenleyici etkisinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Adaptif Liderlik
• Değişime Hazır Olma
• Örgütsel Dayanıklılık
• Yenilikçi İş Davranışı

References

1. Akgün A. E., Keskin H., Byrne J. C., ve Ilhan Ö. Ö., (2014), Complex adaptive system mechanisms, adaptive management practices, and firm product innovativeness. R&D Management, 44(1), 18-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12036
2. Altındağ, E., ve Küsbeci, P. (2014). Innovation management in business and a cross-sectoral empirical study. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 6(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajebasp.2014.1.10
3. Angeli F. ve Montefusco, A. (2020). Sensemaking and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A complex adaptive systems perspective on policy decision-making. World Development, 136, 105106, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105106
4. Annarelli, A., ve Nonino, F. (2016). Strategic and operational management of organizational resilience: Current state of research and future directions. Omega, 62, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2015.08.004
5. Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., ve Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 46(6), 681-703. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304600601
6. Barsh, J., Capozzi, M. M., ve Davidson, J. (2008). Leadership and innovation. McKinsey Quarterly, 1, 37-47.
7. Benzer, J. K., Charns, M. P., Hamdan, S., ve Afable, M. (2017). The role of organizational structure in readiness for change: A conceptual integration. Health Services Management Research, 30(1), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951484816682396
8. Bouckenooghe, D., Devos, G., ve Van den Broeck, H. (2009). Organizational change questionnaire–climate of change, processes, and readiness: Development of a new instrument. The Journal of Psychology, 143(6), 559–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980903218216 Brown, Timothy A. (2006); Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research, Second Edition, The Guilford Press, New York.

9. Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.
10. Chaffee, M.W. ve McNeill, M.M. (2007). A model of nursing as a complex adaptive system. Nursing Outlook, 55(5), 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2007.04.003
11. Choi, M. (2011). Employees' attitudes toward organizational change: A literature review. Human Resource Management, 50(4), 479-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20434
12. Coun, M. J., Edelbroek, R., Peters, P., ve Blomme, R. J. (2021). Leading innovative work-behavior in times of COVID-19: Relationship between leadership style, innovative work-behavior, work-related flow, and IT-enabled presence awareness during the first and second wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 717345, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717345
13. Damanpour, F., ve Wischnevsky, J. D. (2006). Research on innovation in organizations: Distinguishing innovation-generating from innovation-adopting organizations. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 23(4), 269-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2006.08.002
14. De Jong, J., ve Den Hartog, D. (2010). Measuring innovative work behaviour. Creativity and Innovation Management, 19(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2010.00547.x
15. George, J.M. ve Jones, G.R. (2001). Towards a process model of individual change in organizations. Human Relations, 54(4), 419-444. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726701544002
16. Gunsel, A., Siachou, E., ve Acar, A. Z. (2011). Knowledge management and learning capability to enhance organizational innovativeness. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 880-888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.012
17. Gurbuz, F. G., ve Gulec, B. (2022). How leadership style matters for innovative work behavior. Journal of Management Marketing and Logistics, 9(4), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1651
18. Hair Jr, J. F., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). A global p-erspect-ivie. Kennesaw: Kennesaw State University, 2186-2212.
19. Heifetz, R. A., Grashow, A., ve Linsky, M. (2009a). Leadership in a (permanent) crisis. Harvard Business Review, 87(7), 62–69.
20. Heifetz, R. A., ve Laurie, D. L. (2001). The work of leadership. Harvard Business Review, 79(11), 131−141.
21. Heifetz, R. A., ve Linsky, M. (2002). Leadership on the line: Staying alive through the dangers of leading. Boston: Harvard University Press.
22. Heifetz, R.A. (1994). Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
23. Heifetz, R.A., Grashow, A. ve Linsky, M. (2009b). The practice of adaptive leadership: Tools and tactics for changing your organization and the world. Harvard Business Press, Boston, MA.
24. Janssen, M., ve Kuk, G. (2006, January). A complex adaptive system perspective of enterprise architecture in electronic government. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'06) (Vol. 4, pp. 71b-71b). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2006.6
25. Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort‐reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167038
26. Johansen, B. (2017). The new leadership literacies: Thriving in a future of extreme disruption and distributed everything. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
27. Kanter, R. 1988. When a thousand flowers bloom: Structural, collective, and social conditions for innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 169-211.
28. Katsaros, K. K., Tsirikas, A. N., ve Kosta, G. C. (2020). The impact of leadership on firm financial performance: the mediating role of employees' readiness to change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(3), 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-02-2019-0088
29. Katz, D., ve Kahn, R.L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. Wiley.
30. Kim, J., Lee, H. W., ve Chung, G. H. (2024). Organizational resilience: Leadership, operational and individual responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 37(1), 92-115. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2023-0160
31. Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. In M. Williams, & W. P. Vogt (Eds.), Handbook Of Methodological Innovation, Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage. 562-589. Leflar, J., ve Siegel, M. (2013). Organizational resilience. Managing the Risks of Disruptive Events–A practitioner’s
32. Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group.
33. Lengnick-Hall, C.A., Beck T.E. ve Lengnick-Hall, M.L. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 21, 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.07.001
34. Li, J. Y., Sun, R., Tao, W., ve Lee, Y. (2021). Employee coping with organizational change in the face of a pandemic: The role of transparent internal communication. Public Relations Review, 47(1), 101984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101984
35. Linnenluecke, M. K. (2017). Resilience in business and management research: A review of influential publications and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 4-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12076
36. Liu, J., Tong, T. W., ve Sinfield, J. V. (2021). Toward a resilient complex adaptive system view of business models. Long Range Planning, 54(3), 102030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2020.102030
37. Ngan, P. T. (2015). Organizational innovativeness: Motivation in an employee’s innovative work behavior. Scientific Bulletin-Economic Sciences/Buletin Stiintific-Seria Ştiinţe Economice, 14, 86-97.
38. Paeffgen, T., Lehmann, T., ve Feseker, M. (2023). Comeback or evolution? Examining organizational resilience literature in pre and during COVID-19. Continuity & Resilience Review, 6(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/CRR-07-2023-0012
39. Pardo del Val, M., ve Martinez Fuentes, C. (2003). Resistance to change: a literature review and empirical study. Management Decision, 41(2), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740310457597
40. Peng, J., Li, M., Wang, Z., ve Lin, Y. (2021). Transformational leadership and employees’ reactions to organizational change: Evidence from a meta-analysis. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 57(3), 369-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320920366
41. Rafferty, A.E. ve Simons, R.H. (2006). An examination of the antecedents of readiness for fine-tuning and corporate transformation changes, Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(3), 325-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-005-9013-2
42. Ramayah, T. J. F. H., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., ve Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using smart PLS 3.0. An Updated Guide and Practical Guide to Statistical Analysis, 1(1), 1-72.
43. Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Wang, M., Roldan, J. L., ve Kunasekaran, P. (2021). Are we in right path for mediation analysis? Reviewing the literature and proposing robust guidelines. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.013
44. Rowe, A. ve Hogarth, A. (2005). Use of Complex Adaptive Systems Metaphor to Achieve Professional and Organizational Change. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(4), 396-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03510.x
45. Rungtusanatham, M., Miller, J. W., ve Boyer, K. K. (2014). Theorizing, testing, and concluding for mediation in SCM research: Tutorial and procedural recommendations. Journal of Operations Management, 32(3), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2014.01.002
46. Saunders, M. N. (2012). Choosing research participants. Qualitative Organizational Research: Core Methods and Current Challenges, 35-52.
47. Sengupta, S., Bajaj, B., Singh, A., Sharma, S., Patel, P., ve Prikshat, V. (2023). Innovative work behavior driving Indian startups go global–the role of authentic leadership and readiness for change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 36(1), 162-179. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2022-0156
48. Susanto, A., (2008). Organizational readiness for change: a case study on change readiness in a manufacturing company in Indonesia. Int. J. Manage. Perspect. 2(1), 50–62.
49. Thurlings, M., Evers, A. T., ve Vermeulen, M. (2015). Toward a model of explaining teachers’ innovative behavior: A literature review. Review of Educational Research, 85(3), 430-471. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314557949
50. Tierney, K. (2003). Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and community resilience: Lessons from the emergency response following the september 11, 2001 attack on the world trade center. Paper Presented at the Third Comparative Workshop on Urban Earthquake Disaster Management, Kobe, Japan.
51. Uhl-Bien, M., ve Marion, R. (2009). Complexity leadership in bureaucratic forms of organizing: A meso model. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 631–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.04.007
52. Uzunçarşılı, U. ve Narin, E. (2024). Politik liderlik. Kule Kitap.
53. Vakilzadeh, K., & Haase, A. (2021). The building blocks of organizational resilience: A review of the empirical literature. Continuity & Resilience Review, 3(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/CRR-04-2020-0002
54. Vakola, M. (2014). What's in there for me? Individual readiness to change and the perceived impact of organizational change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(3), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2012-0064
55. Wang, H., Wang, L., ve Liu, C. (2018). Employee competitive attitude and competitive behavior promote job-crafting and performance: A two-component dynamic model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02223
56. Wicker, P., Filo, K., ve Cuskelly, G. (2013). Organizational resilience of community sport clubs impacted by natural disasters. Journal of Sport Management, 27(6), 510-525. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.6.510