İMPOSTOR FENOMENİNİN BİR İNCELEMESİ: İŞ ERTELEMEYLE İŞGÖREN PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ VE MÜKEMMELİYETÇİLİK İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Abstract

İmpostor fenomeni, genellikle başarılı insanların kendi başarılarını içselleştirememesi ve hissettikleri sahtelik duygusudur. Bu çalışmada iş yerinde impostor fenomeninin iş erteleme, işgören performansı ve mükemmeliyetçilik davranışları ile doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkilerini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak oluşturulan hipotezleri test etmek için 403 işgörenden anket yoluyla toplanan veriler AMOS ve SPSS programları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları impostor fenomenin iş erteleme ve mükemmeliyetçilik üzerinde pozitif, işgören performansı üzerinde ise negatif yönlü anlamlı etkileri olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca bulgular değişkenlerin işgörenlerin cinsiyet özelliklerine göre farklılaştığını da ortaya koymuştur. Literatürde impostor fenomeninin örgütsel davranış boyutlarını bir arada inceleyen kapsamlı modellerin sınırlı olması, bu araştırmanın temel katkısını oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda önerilen İmpostor Fenomeni’nin Çok Düzeyli Kuramsal Modeli, bireysel, kişilerarası ve örgütsel süreçleri bütünleştirerek impostor fenomeninin çok boyutlu etkilerini açıklayan özgün bir teorik çerçeve sunmaktadır. Bulgulardan yola çıkarak işgörende impostor fenomeninin yarattığı olumsuz etkilerin azaltması ve ortadan kaldırılması için uygulamalar geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• İmpostor Fenomeni
• İş Erteleme
• İşgören Performansı
• Mükemmeliyetçilik
• İmpostor Femomeni'nin Çok Düzeyli Kuramsal Modeli

A STUDY OF THE IMPOSTOR PHENOMENON: ITS EFFECT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PERFECTIONISM

Abstract

The impostor phenomenon refers to the feeling of self-doubt and perceived fraudulence experienced by individuals who are objectively successful yet unable to internalize their achievements. This study investigates the direct and indirect relationships between the impostor phenomenon, procrastination, employee performance, and perfectionism in the workplace. Data were collected from 403 employees through a survey and analyzed using AMOS and SPSS programs. The results indicate that the impostor phenomenon has significant positive effects on procrastination and perfectionism, and a significant negative effect on employee performance. Findings also reveal that these variables differ according to the gender characteristics of the employees. Addressing a notable gap in the literature, this study proposes the Multi-Level Theoretical Model of the Impostor Phenomenon, which integrates individual, interpersonal, and organizational processes to explain its multidimensional effects. Based on the results, practical strategies are suggested to mitigate the negative organizational impacts of the impostor phenomenon.

Keywords

• Impostor Phenomenon
• Procrastination
• Employee Perfomance
• Perfectionism
• Multi-Level Theretical Model of the Impostor Phenomenon

References

1. Alvan, G. (2015). Perfectionism and perceived parenting style among university students (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp id=NZa7TLtsQvD69BbeuO1WQ&no=oIFpWbEio31qGNpjkmQWw
2. Aydın, B. U., & Yıldırım, E. (2023). Örgütlerde imposter sendromu. In C. Durmuşkaya (Ed.), Çalışma ekonomisi ve endüstri ilişkileri seçme yazılar (7, 67–89). Değişim Yayınları. https://ceko.sakarya.edu.tr/sites/ceko.sakarya.edu.tr/file/Orgutlerde_Imposter_Sendromu_____Beyza_Nur_AYDIN__Elvan_YILDIRIM1.pdf
3. Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2002). Self-confidence and personal motivation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 871–915. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193913
4. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3
5. Bortolotti, L. (2015). Delusions and other irrational beliefs (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199206162.001.1
6. Bravata, D. M., Watts, S. A., Keefer, A. L., Madhusudhan, D. K., Taylor, K. T., Clark, D. M., Nelson, R. S., & Hagg, H. K. (2019). Prevalence, predictors, and treatment of impostor syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(4), 1252–1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05364-1
7. Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, 14(6), 34–52. https://jessegalef.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/the-perfectionist-script-for-self-defeat.pdf
8. Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421

9. Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 687–732). Consulting Psychologists Press.
10. Chadwick, I. C., & Dawson, A. (2024). From imposter fears to authenticity: A typology of women entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics, 62(3), 1025–1050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-023-00795-x
11. Choi, J. N., & Moran, S. V. (2009). Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.2.195-212
12. Chu, A. H. C., & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of “active” procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.3.245-264
13. Clance, P. R. (1985). The impostor phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that haunts your success. Peachtree Publishers.
14. Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The impostor phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241–247.
15. Clance, P. R., & O’Toole, M. A. (1987). The impostor phenomenon: An internal barrier to empowerment and achievement. Women & Therapy, 6(3), 51–64.
16. Clark, M., Vardeman, J., & Barba, R. (2014). Perceived inadequacy: A study of the imposter phenomenon among college and research librarians. College & Research Libraries, 75(3), 255–271.
17. Cokley, K., McClain, S., Enciso, A., & Martinez, M. (2013). An examination of the impact of minority status stress and impostor feelings on the mental health of diverse ethnic-minority college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 41(2), 82–95.
18. Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Wesson, M. J. (2019). Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
19. Cowman, S. E., & Ferrari, J. R. (2002). “Am I for real?” Predicting impostor tendencies from self-handicapping and affective components. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(2), 119–125.
20. Cristea, M., & Babajide, O. A. (2022). Impostor phenomenon: Its prevalence among academics and the need for a diverse and inclusive working environment in British higher education.
21. Çöl, G. (2008). Algılanan güçlendirmenin işgören performansı üzerine etkileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9(1), 35–46.
22. Dudau, A. I. (2014). The impostor phenomenon in the context of leadership: A qualitative study of leaders’ experiences. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(4), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.226
23. Dunn, J. G. H., Gotwals, J. K., & Dunn, J. C. (2005). An examination of the domain specificity of perfectionism among intercollegiate student-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1439–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.009
24. Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2666999
25. Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
26. Feenstra, S., Begeny, C. T., Ryan, M. K., Rink, F. A., Stoker, J. I., & Jordan, J. (2020). Contextualizing the impostor “syndrome”. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 575024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575024
27. Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26(1), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(92)90060-H
28. Ferrari, J. R., & Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2014). Procrastination and mental health coping: A brief report related to students. Individual Differences Research, 12(1), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.65030/idr.12003
29. Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., Hewitt, P. L., & Koledin, S. (1992). Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students. Social Behavior and Personality, 20, 85-94. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.2.85
30. Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. In Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment, 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-001
31. Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Gray, L. (2004). Psychological distress and the frequency of perfectionistic thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(6), 876–894. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1363
32. Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2005). The perils of perfectionism in sports and exercise. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00326.x
33. Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2016). Still measuring perfectionism after all these years: Reflections and an introduction to the special issue on advances in the assessment of perfectionism. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(7), 615–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916651540
34. Fried-Buchalter, S. (1997). Fear of success, fear of failure, and the imposter phenomenon among male and female marketing managers. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 37(11-12), 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02936343
35. Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
36. Gadsby, S. (2022). Imposter syndrome and self-deception. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 100(2), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2022.2048100
37. Gadsby, S., & Hohwy, J. (2023). Negative performance evaluation in the imposter phenomenon. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 9300–9308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.93008
38. Grubb, W. L., & Grubb, L. K. (2021). Perfectionism and the Imposter Phenomenon. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 21(6). https://doi.org/10.33423/jop.v21i6.4831
39. Gullifor, D. P., Gardner, W. L., Karam, E. P., Noghani, F., & Cogliser, C. C. (2024). The impostor phenomenon at work: A systematic evidence‐based review, conceptual development, and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 45(2), 234–251. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2733
40. Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Educational International. https://www.drnishikantjha.com/papersCollection/Multivariate%20Data%20Analysis.pdf
41. Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 15(1), 27–33. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1979-08598-001
42. Harari, D., Swider, B. W., Steed, L. B., & Breidenthal, A. P. (2018). Is perfect good? A meta-analysis of perfectionism in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(10), 1121–1144. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000324
43. Harvey, J. C., & Katz, C. (1985). If I’m so successful, why do I feel like a fake? The impostor phenomenon. Martin’s Press. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149492226
44. Hawley, K. J. (2019). What is impostor syndrome? Aristotelian Society, 93(1), 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/arisup/akz003
45. Henning, K., Ey, S., & Shaw, D. (1998). Perfectionism, the impostor phenomenon and psychological adjustment in medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students. Medical Education, 32(5), 456–464. https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.1365-2923.1998.00234.x
46. Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
47. Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., Kibler, J., Vicente, B. B., & Kennedy, C. (2004). A new measure of perfectionism: The Perfectionism Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82(1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8201_13
48. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
49. Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
50. Hussain, I., & Sultan, S. (2010). Analysis of procrastination among university students. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1897–1904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.385
51. Jadidi, F., Mohammadkhani, S., & Tajrishi, K. Z. (2011). Perfectionism and academic procrastination. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 534–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.104
52. Jodelet, D. (1991). Madness and social representations. Harvester Wheatsheaf. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141747973
53. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x
54. Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Judge, T. A., & Scott, B. A. (2009). The role of core self-evaluations in the coping process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013214
55. Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (2005). The dangers of feeling like a fake. Harvard Business Review, 83(9), 108–116. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7592973_The_dangers_of_feeling_like_a_fake
56. King, J. E., & Cooley, E. L. (1995). Achievement orientation and the impostor phenomenon among college students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20(3), 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1995.1019
57. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
58. Koshy, H. A., Wilson, P. P., Abraham, K. R., Sebastian, S. T., Jacob, F. G., Nair, N. B., & John, J. M. (2022). Imposter phenomenon, perfectionism and fear of failure among emerging adults. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 3(12), 2763–2766. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2022.31293
59. Kumar, S., & Jagacinski, C. M. (2006). Impostors have goals too: The impostor phenomenon and its relationship to achievement goal theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(1), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.014
60. Langford, J., & Clance, P. R. (1993). The impostor phenomenon: Recent research findings regarding dynamics, personality and family patterns and their implications for treatment. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 30(3), 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.30.3.495
61. Leary, M. R., Patton, K., Orlando, A., & Funk, W. W. (2000). The impostor phenomenon: Self-perceptions, reflected appraisals, and interpersonal strategies. Journal of Personality, 68(3), 725–756. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00152
62. Lee, S. E., Park, Y., & Shin, H. (2021). Perfectionism, impostor phenomenon, and psychological distress: Testing a moderated mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110472. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886921000064
63. Leonhardt, M., Bechtoldt, M. N., & Rohrmann, S. (2017). All impostors aren’t alike: Differentiating the impostor phenomenon. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01505
64. Li, Y., Qiu, F., Luo, B., Hu, Y., Li, J., Li, Y. X., He, P., & Fang, J. (2025). The relationship between impostor phenomenon and emotional exhaustion among Chinese nurses: The mediating role of bi-directional work–family conflict. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1410452. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1410452
65. Liu, W., Li, Z., Ling, Y., & Cai, T. (2019). The relationship between impostor phenomenon and job performance: The mediating role of psychological safety. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00152/full
66. McGregor, L. N., Gee, D. E., & Posey, K. E. (2008). “I feel like a fraud and it depresses me”: The relation between the impostor phenomenon and depression. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.43
67. Metin, U. B., Taris, T. W., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2016). Measuring procrastination at work and its associated workplace aspects. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.006
68. Moscovici, S. (1984). The phenomenon of social representations. In R. M. Farr & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Social representations, 3–69. Cambridge University Press.
69. Nakip, M., & Yaraş, E. (2017). Pazarlamada araştırma teknikleri. Seçkin Yayınevi. ISBN: 9789750245213
70. Neureiter, M., & Traut-Mattausch, E. (2016). Inspecting the dangers of feeling like a fake: An empirical investigation of the impostor phenomenon in the world of work. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1445. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01445
71. Ojeda, L. (2024). Impostor phenomenon and burnout. In K. Cokley (Ed.), The impostor phenomenon: Psychological research, theory, and interventions, 81–109. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000397-005
72. Özdemir, G. (2015). Başarılarımın sahibi ben değilim: Sosyal kimlik, sosyal baskınlık ve sistemi meşrulaştırma kuramları perspektifinden sahtekâr fenomeni (Yüksek lisans tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. https://acikerisim.uludag.edu.tr/server/api/core/bitstreams/decba674-9d20-4e8a-9890-79ed5edb44df/content
73. Rapson, J. (2015). Perfectionism and procrastination: Understanding the relationship. Routledge.
74. Rice, K.G.; Richardson, C. M. E & Clark, D. (2012). Perfectionism, procrastination and psychological distress, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(2), 288-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026643
75. Ross, S. R., Stewart, J., Mugge, M., & Fultz, B. (2001). The impostor phenomenon, achievement dispositions, and the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(8), 1347–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00228-2
76. Rosse, J. G., Boss, R. W., Johnson, A. E., & Crown, D. F. (1991). Conceptualizing the role of self-esteem in the burnout process. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(7), 517–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960119101600406
77. Saks, A. M., Uggerslev, K. L., & Fassina, N. E. (2007). Socialization tactics and newcomer adjustment: A meta-analytic review and test of a model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(3), 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.12.004
78. Sakulku, J., & Alexander, J. (2011). The impostor phenomenon. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 6(1), 73–92. https://www.sciencetheearth.com/uploads/2/4/6/5/24658156/2011_sakulku_the_impostor_phenomenon.pdf
79. Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L. (2007). Doing the things we do: A grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12
80. Schubert, N., & Bowker, A. (2019). Examining the impostor phenomenon in relation to selfesteem level and self-esteem instability, Current Psychology, 38(3), 749-755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9650-4
81. Shafran, R., & Mansell, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology: A review of research and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(6), 879–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00072-6
82. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20242.53440
83. Sigler, T. H., & Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an empowering culture: Examining the relationship between organizational culture and perceptions of empowerment. Journal of Quality Management, 5(1), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1084-8568(00)00011-0
84. Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. A. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
85. Sirois, F. M., Nauts, S. & Molnar, D. S. (2019). Self-Compassion and Bedtime Procrastination: an Emotion Regulation Perspective. Mindfulness, 10, 434–445 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0983-3
86. Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001). The revised Almost Perfect Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(3), 130–145. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/07481756.2002.12069030
87. Spinath, B., Eckert, C., & Steinmayr, R. (2014). Gender differences in school success: what are the roles of students’ intelligence, personality and motivation? Educational Research, 56(2), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2014.898917
88. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
89. Stoeber, J. (2018). The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536255
90. Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_3
91. Şahin, E. E., & Gülşen, F. U. (2022). Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS): Adaptation and validation in Turkish university students. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 11(1), 270–282. https://doi.org/10.52963/PERR_Biruni_V11.N1.18
92. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
93. Thompson, T., Foreman, P., & Martin, F. (2000). Impostor fears and perfectionistic concern over mistakes. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(4), 629–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00229-8
94. Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x
95. Topping, M. E. H. (1983). The impostor phenomenon: A study of its construct and incidence in university faculty members (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida). ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
96. Topping, M. E. H., & Kimmel, E. B. (1985). The impostor phenomenon: Feeling phony. Academic Psychology Bulletin, 7, 213–226. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146921051
97. Tuckman, B. W. (1991). The development and concurrent validity of the procrastination scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(2), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164491512022
98. Vergauwe, J., Wille, B., Feys, M., De Fruyt, F., & Anseel, F. (2015). Fear of being exposed: The trait-relatedness of the impostor phenomenon and its relevance in the work context. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(3), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-014-9372-5
99. Want, S. C., & Kleitman, S. (2006). Impostor phenomenon and self-handicapping: Links with parenting styles and achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(5), 961–971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.003
100. Yaffe, G. (2020). Self-deception as rationalization: The case of impostor phenomenon. Philosophical Psychology, 33(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2019.1646787