Research Article
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Türkiye ve İran’da Muhafazakâr Hükümetlerin Kadın Politikaları

Year 2019, Issue: 37, 81 - 104, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.530494

Abstract

Erkek egemen tüm
hükümet sistemleri, ideolojileri ile uygun politikaları izlerken bir yandan da
kadınların kamusal hayata katılımını şekillendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Rejimin
genel çerçevesi ile uyumlu olarak hükümetler, kadınların doğurganlığını nüfus
politikaları ile uyumlu şekilde kullanmakta, kadınların eğitim ve istihdamdaki
görünürlüğü ise rejimin dünyaya görünen yüzü olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu
nedenle hükümetler, kimlik stratejileri doğrultusunda cinsiyetlere yönelik özel
politikalar benimsemektedir. Bu çalışma, her iki ülkede de neoliberal ve muhafazakâr
bir dönüşümün yaşandığı 2003-2014 yılları arasında İran ve Türkiye'de kadınların
ulusal kimlik politikalarına katılımının karşılaştırmalı bir analizini yapmayı
amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın İran bölümü Mahmud Ahmedinejad yönetimini
(2005-2013), Türkiye bölümü ise, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ın başbakanlığı
dönemindeki Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AK Parti) hükümetlerini (2003-2014) ele
almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada ilk olarak İran’ın nüfus, eğitim ve istihdam
politikaları incelenmiş, ikinci bölümde de benzer bir inceleme Türkiye için
yapılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise iki ülke bu politikalar üzerinden karşılaştırılmıştır.
Sonuçta, söz konusu dönemde her iki ülkede de temel eğitimden faydalanan
kadınların sayısında bir artış olmasına rağmen nüfus ve istihdam alanlarında kadınları
aile içinde tanımlayan politikalar izlendiği bulunmuştur. 

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Year 2019, Issue: 37, 81 - 104, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.530494

Abstract

References

  • Acar, Feride ve Gülbanu Altunok (2013). "The Politics of Intimate at the Intersection of Neoliberalism and Neoconservatism in Contemporary Turkey." Womenˈs Studies International Forum, cilt (41), 378-389.
  • Akbari, Azadeh (2009). “Prospects for reform?: the Iranian elections: the women’s movement: an emerging power.” IDEAS reports - strategic updates, Kitchen, Nicholas (ed.) SU002. LSE IDEAS, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/43595/1/Prospects%20for%20reform_the%20women%E2%80%99s%20movement(lsero).pdf (Erişim tarihi: 12.12.2017)
  • Akın, Ayşe (2007)."Emergence of the Family Planning Program in Turkey." Şu kitapta:Ed. Warren C. Robinson vd. The Global Family Planning Revolution: Three Decades of Population Policies and Programs.Washington: The World Bank, 85-102.
  • Aktaş Salman, Umay (2014). “Öğreten Kadın, Yöneten Erkek”, Aljazeera Turk, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/ogreten-kadin-yoneten-erkek , (Erişim tarihi: 06.08.2018)
  • Aşık, Güneş A. (2015) “Kadın İstihdamı ve Annelik Kariyeri Teşvik Paketi”, TEPAV, http://www.tepav.org.tr/tr/blog/s/5076/Kadin+Istihdami+ve+Annelik+Kariyeri+Tesvik+Paketi (Erişim tarihi: 20.06.2018)
  • Ayata, Ayşe ve Tütüncü, Fatma (2008). "Party Politics of the AKP (2002-2007) and the Predicaments of Women at the Intersection of the Westernist,Islamist and Feminist Discourses in Turkey. "British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, cilt 35 (3), 363-384.
  • Binyıl Kalkınma Hedefleri Raporu: Türkiye 2010. http://www.surdurulebilirkalkinma.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/UNDP-TR-TR-2010-MDG-Report_TR.pdf (E.T. 17.06.2018)
  • Cin, Firdevs Melis, Ecem Karlıdağ-Dennis & Zeynep Temiz (2018). Capabilities-Based Gender Equality Analysis of Educational Policy-Making and Reform in Turkey, Gender and Education DOI: 10.1080/09540253.2018.1484429
  • Çınar, Alev (2005). Modernity, Islam, And Secularism In Turkey: Bodies, Places, And Time., Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Doucet, Lyse (2009)."El Poder de las Mujeres." BBC Mundo. http://www.bbc.com/mundo/internacional/2009/06/090610_1641_iran_mujer_lp.shtml?print=1/ (Erişim tarihi: 08.11.2016)
  • Ebadi, Shirin(2016). Until We Are Free. My Fight For Human Rights in Iran.NewYork: Random House.
  • Egitim-Sen. (2015). “2014–2015 Egitim Ogretim Yilina Baslarken Kiz Cocuklari Egitim Sisteminin Neresinde?” http://egitimsen.org.tr/2014-2015-egitim-ogretim-yili-baslarken-kiz-cocuklari-egitim-sisteminin-neresinde/ (Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2018).
  • Erfani, Amir (2012). "The Impact of Family Planning on Women’s Educational and Advancement in Iran." International Center for Research on Women Fertility&Empowerment Working Paper Series,1-27.
  • Erfani, Amir ve Yuksel-Kaptanoglu, Ilknur (2012). "The Use of Withdrawal among Birth Limiters in Iran and Turkey. " Studies in Family Planning, cilt 3(1), 21-32.
  • Fisher, Nora ve Müftüler-Baç, Meltem (2011). "The adultery and headscarf debates in Turkey: Fusing "EU-niversal and alternative modernities?" Womenˈs studies International Forum cilt 34, 378-389.
  • Foucault, Michel (1994). Cinselliğin Tarihi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı YayınlarıGöğüş, Mine (2006). "Women, Education and Development in Turkey". Şu kitapta: Ed. Marie Carlson. Education in Multicultural Societies. Turkish and Swedish Perspectives.Vol.18 Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul Transaction, 107-122.
  • Gökovalı, Ummuhan (2013). "Everyone’s own poverty: Gendering poverty alleviation policies in Turkey. " Women’s Studies International Forum cilt 41,65-75.
  • Göksel,Idil (2013). "Female labor force participation in Turkey: The role of conservatism. " Women’studies International Forum cilt 41, 45-54.
  • Gün, Feyza, and Gülsün Atanur Baskan. 2014. “New Education System in Turkey (4+4+4): A Critical Outlook.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 131: 229–235.
  • Haghighat-Sordellini, Elhum (2010). Women in the Middle East and North Africa. Change and Continuity. New York: Palgrave MacMillian.
  • Hazır, Agah (2014). “Comparing Turkey and Iran in Political Science and Historical Sociology: A Critical Review”, Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2(1), 1-30
  • Iravani, Mohammad, R. ve Arvaneh, Mina (2012). "Study of Job Status and Education of Women in Iran." International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, cilt 1(2), 217-223.
  • İran İstatistik Merkezi (AMAR) - https://www.amar.org.ir/english/SCI-News-Archive/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2609/Drop-in-Mean-Age-at-first-marriage-for-Females-and-Rise-in-Mean-Age-at-first-marriage-for-Males (Erişim tarihi: 23.06.2018)
  • İran İstatistik Merkezi Yıllığı 1390 (2013-2014) https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/1/yearbook/1390/preliminary.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 08.08.2018)
  • İran İstatistik Merkezi Yıllığı 1392 https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/1/yearbook/1392/preliminary.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 08.08.2018)
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz (1987). “Emancipated but Unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish Case”, Feminist Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1987, pp. 317-338.
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz (1991). "Women, Islam and State." Middle East Report, Gender and Politics(173), 9-14.
  • Kian, Azadeh (2014). “Gender Social Relations and the Challenge of Women's Employment”, Middle East Critique, 23:3, ss. 333-347
  • Mather, Yassamine (2006). “Neoliberal Ahmadinejad: A Story of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue”, https://iranian.com/2006/09/09/neoliberal-ahmadinejad/ (Erişim tarihi: 25.06.2018)
  • Mehdizadeh Narjes ve Gill Scott (2011). "Educated Women in the Labour Force Market of Iran: Changing Worlds and New Solutions. The impact of Gender. " Şu kitapa: Ed. S. Jackson.Gendered Choices. Learning, Work, Identities in Lifelong Learning. London&New York: Springer,145-162.
  • Mehran, Golnar (2009). "Doing and Undoing Gender: Female Higher Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran" International Review of Education cilt 55(5/6), 541-559.
  • Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri, Örgün Öğretim, 1. Dönem 2016-2017 https://sgb.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2017_03/31152628_meb_istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2016_2017_1.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 08.08.2018)
  • Moghadam, Valentine (2003). Modernizing Women. Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, 2nd edn.,Colorado:Lynne Rienner Publishers.Mohammadi, Majid (2007)."Iranian Women and the Civil Rights Movement in Iran:Feminism Interacted." Journal of International Women’s Studies,cilt 9 (1),1-21. Available at:http:vcnridge.edu/jiws/vol9/iss/1/23 Kasım 2016.
  • Moore, Richard (2007). "Family Planning in Iran, 1960–79." Şu kitapta: Ed. Warren C. Robinson vd. The Global Family Planning Revolution: Three Decades of Population Policies and Programs. Washington: The World Bank, 33-58.
  • Mor Çatı (2015). “Kürtaj Yapıyor musunuz? Hayır, Yapmıyoruz!” 3 Şubat 2015,https://www.morcati.org.tr/tr/290-kurtaj-yapiyor-musunuz-hayir-yapmiyoruz , (Erişim tarihi: 16.07.2018).
  • Özar, Şemsa ve Yakut-Cakar Burcu (2013). "Unfolding the invilisbility of women without men in the case of Turkey. " Women’studies International Forum cilt 41, 24-34.
  • Özyürek ,Esra (2006). Nostalgia for the Modern: State Secularism and Everyday Politics in Turkey,1st edn., Durham and London: Duke University Press.
  • Payvand (8 Haziran 2008). "Iranian women excluded from vast areas of study." Payvand News http://www.payvand.com/news/12/aug/1046.html/22 /Kasım 2016.
  • Reuters (2010)."Girls should Marry Aged 16-18:Iranˈs Ahmadinejad." http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-marriage-ahmadinejad-
  • Rezai-Rashti, Goli. (2011). Iranian women’s increasing access to higher education but limited participation in the job market. Middle East Critique 20(1):81–96
  • Roudi, Farzaneh (2012). "Iran Reverses Family Planning, Calls for More Children. " The İran Primer.United States Institute for Peace. http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/ 2012/aug/29/iran-reverses-family-planning-calls-more-children-0/12/ Kasım 2016.
  • Sallan, Songül (2013). "The role of the State in protecting women against domestic violence and women’s shelters in Turkey. " Women studies International Forum cilt 38, 107-116.
  • Samimi, Mehrnaz (2013a)."Ahmadinejad Takes Parting Shot At Iranian Women." Al Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/ahmadinejad-iranian-women-parting-shot.html/ (Erişim tarihi: 23.11.2016)
  • Samimi, Mehrnaz (2013b) . "Women in Iran's factories Face Hardship, Discrimination"in Majzooban Noor News http://www.majzooban.org/en/index.php/news/5702-women-in-iran-s-factories-face-hardship,-discrimination/ (Erişim tarihi: 23.11.2016
  • Sayılan, Fevziye (2012) Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Eğitim: Olanaklar ve Sınırlar. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları
  • Sedghi, Hamideh (2007). Women and Politics in Iran. Veiling, Unveiling and Reveiling, 2nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shavarini, Mitra K. (2005) “The Feminisation of Iranian Higher Education”, International Review of Education, 51(4):329-347
  • Shirazi,Faegheh (2014) “Educating Iranian Women.” International Journal of Education and Social Sciences, cilt 1(2), 28-42.
  • Smith, Alice ve Dengiz, Berna (2009). "Women in engineering in Turkey-a large scale quantitative and qualitative examination. European Journal of Engineering Education, "cilt 0(0),1-13.
  • TBMM (Türkiye Büyü̈k Millet Meclisi Başkanlığı). (2012) İlköğretim ve Eğitim Kanunu ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun Teklifi. Ankara: TBMM
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayşegül Gökalp Kutlu 0000-0003-4820-3141

Maribel Benitez Gonzalez 0000-0003-1693-7909

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 37

Cite

APA Gökalp Kutlu, A., & Benitez Gonzalez, M. (2019). Türkiye ve İran’da Muhafazakâr Hükümetlerin Kadın Politikaları. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(37), 81-104. https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.530494

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