Perinatal Common Mental Disorders

Year 2008, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 25 - 34, 01.03.2008

Vesile Şentürk

https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000270

Abstract

Pregnancy and postpartum are importantperiods not only for women, but also for theirchild or children and partner. The public healthrelevance of common mental disorders (CMDs)in the perinatal period is increasingly recognized. Perinatal CMDs cannot easily be distinguished from CMDs occurring at any other timein terms of symptom profile, severity and prevalence. Mental disorders are regularly missed inclinical assessments, especially mood and anxiety disorders. It might be due to two reasons.Firstly there is not clear definition for perinatalCMDs. Secondly scale properties may not coverall aspects of this period.In general, research from Non-Westerncountries has confirmed risk factors for perinatal CMDs found in Western populations, forexample low income and socio-economic status, a past history of mental disorder, recent lifeevents and marital disharmony (O'Hara 1996).Several studies have found associations withlower social support across cultures (Dennis2005, Glasser ve ark. 2000), however thestrength of this association and the most salientsource of support have been found to varybetween cultures (Stuchbery ve ark. 1998). The rapid social transitions currently occurring in Turkey place considerable strain onwomen – but the potential impact on perinatalCMDs has yet to be clarified

Keywords

Pregnancy, post partum period, common mental disorders, risk factors

Gebelik ve Doğum Sonrası Dönemde Sık Görülen Ruhsal Bozukluklar

Abstract

Gebelik ve doğum sonrası dönemdegörülen ruhsal bozukluklar sadece kadın için değil eş ve çocuklar için de önemlidir. Ancak budönemde görülen ruhsal bozuklukların tanınamadığı bilinmektedir. Gerek ruhsal bozuklukların tanınmasındaki güçlükler gerekse buhastalıklara özgül tanı ölçütlerinin olmayışıgerekse tanı koyma araçlarının yetersizliği tanı güçlüklerini oluşturmaktadır.Bu dönemde görülen depresyon, panik bozukluğu ve yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu belirtiler açısından bir özellik göstermezken obsesifkompulsif bozukluk, bu dönemde görüldüğünde belirtilerin çoğunluğunu bebekle ilgili obsesyonların oluşturması nedeni ile farklılık göstermektedir. Somatik yakınmalar ise genellikle bu döneme ilişkili fizyolojik belirtiler olarak yorumlanabilmektedir. Somatik yakınmaların yetiyitimine neden olması bu belirtilere daha fazla önem verilmesi gerektiğini düşündürtmektedir.

References

• Abiodun OA, Adetoro, OO and Ogunbode, OO (1993a) General Hospital Psychiatry, 15, 125-128.
• Abiodun OA, Adetoro OO and Ogunbode OO (1993) General Hospital Psychiatry, 15, 125-8.
• Abiodun OA, Eegunranti AB and Lawal AM (2005) International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9, 60-64.
• Aderibigbe YA and Gureje O (1992) Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 27, 280-283.
• Aderibigbe YA, Gureje O and Omigbodun O (1993) British Journal Of Psychiatry, 163, 645-650.
• Affonso DD, De AK, Horowitz JA, Mayberry LJ ve ark (2000) An International Study Exploring Levels of Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology. J Psyc- hosom Res, 49, 207-16.
• Anoop S, Saravanan B, Joseph A ve ark (2004) Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89, 325-9.
• Assael MI, Namboze JM, German GA ve ark (1972) Social Science & Medicine, 6, 387-95.
• Austin MP, Kildea S and Sullivan E (2007) Maternal Mortality and Psychiatric Morbidity in the Perinatal Period: Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention in the Australian Setting. Med J Aust.,186(7), 364-7.
• Aydın N, İnandı T, Karabulut N (2005) Depres- sion and Associated Factors Among Women Within Their First Postnatal Year in Erzurum Province in Eastern Turkey. Women’s Health, 41,1-12.
• Bennett HA ve ark (2004) Prevalence of Depression During Pregnancy: Systematic Review. [Erratum in Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jun;103(6):1344]. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 103(4), 698-709.
• Bonari L ve ark (2004) Perinatal Risks of Untreated Depression During Pregnancy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 49(11), 726-735.
• Boyce PM (2003) Risk Factors for Postnatal Depression: A Review and Risk Factors in Australian Populations. Arch Womens Ment Health;6 Suppl 2: S43-50.
• Britton JR (2007) Maternal Anxiety: Course and Antecedents During the Early Postpartum Period. Depress Anxiety Mar 30; [Epub ahead of print].
• Brugha TS, Sharp HM ve ark (1998) Social Sup- port and the Development of Postnatal Depressive Symptoms, A Prospective Cohort Survey. Psycholo- gical Medicine, 28, 63-79.
• Cooper PJ, Tomlinson M, Swartz L ve ark (1999) British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 554-8.
• Cox J and Holden J (2003) A Guide to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Gaskell, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London.
• Cox J, Holden J and Sagovsky R (1987) British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782-786.
• Cox JL (1979) British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 401-5.
• Dennis CL (2005) Psychosocial and Psycholo- gical Interventions for Prevention of Postnatal Dep- ression: Systematic Review BMJ, 331,15.
• Danacı AE, Dinç G, Deveci A ve ark (2002) Postnatal Depression in Turkey: Epidemiological and Cultural Aspects. Soc Psychiat Psychiatr Epidemiol, 37,125-9.
• Dayan J ve ark (2002) Role of Anxiety and Depression in the Onset of Spontaneous Preterm Labor. American Journal Of Epidemiology, 155(4), 293-301.
• Ekuklu G, Tokuc B, Eskiocak M, Berberoğlu U, Saltık A (2004) Prevalence of Postpartum Depression in Edirne, Turkey, and Related Factors. J Reprod M Nov 49 (11) 908-14.
• Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H ve ark (2001) Cohort Study of Depressed Mood During Pregnancy and After Childbirth. British Medical Journal, 323, 257-260.
• Goldberg D and Goodyer I (2005) The Origins and Course of Common Mental Disorders. Rout- ledge, London
• Goebert D, Morland L, Frattarelli L ve ark (2007) Mental Health During Pregnancy: A Study Comparing Asian, Caucasian and Native Hawaiian Women. Matern Child Health J., 11(3), 249-55.
• Gureje O (2004) What Can We Learn A Cross- National Study of Somatic Distress? J Psychsom Res, 56, 409-412
• Gureje O, Simon GE, Ustun TB ve ark (1997) Somatization in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A World Health Organiztion Study in Primary Care. Am J Psychiatry, 154, 989-995.
• Heron J, O’Connor TG, Evans J ve ark (2004) The Course of Anxiety and Depression Through Pregnancy and the Postpartum in A Community Sample. J Affective Dis, 80, 65-73.
• İnandı T, Buğdaycı R, Dundar P ve ark (2005). Risk Factors for Depression in the First Postnatal Year: A Turkish Study. Soc Psychiat Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40,725-30.
• Josefsson A, Angelsiöö L, Berg G ve ark (2002) Obstetric, Somatic, and Demographic Risk Factors for Postpartum Depressive Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol., 99(2), 223-8
• Kitamura T ve ark (1996) Clinical and Psychosocial Correlates of Antenatal Depression: A Review. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics., 65(3), 117-123.
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Janet BW ve ark (2002) The PHQ-15: Validity of A New Measure for Evaluating the Severity of Somatic Symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 258-266.
• Kumar R (1994) Postnatal Mental Illness: A Transcultural Perspective. Soc Psychiat Psychiatr Epidemiol, 29, 250–264.
• Lee DTS, Yip ASK, Chiu HFK ve ark (2001) Journal of Affective Disorders, 63, 233-238.
• Lewis G (1992) Psychological Medicine, 22, 1011-1018.
• Littleton HL, Breitkopf CR and Berenson AB (2007) Correlates of Anxiety Symptoms During Pregnancy and Association with Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis Am J Obstet Gynecol., 196(5), 424- 32.
• Marks M and Lovestone S (1995). The Role of the Father in Parental Postnatal Mental Health. Brit J of Med Psychol, 68, 157–168.
• Murray L and Carothers AD (1990) British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 288-290.
• Najman JM, Andersen MJ, Bor W ve ark (2000) Postnatal Depression - Myth and Reality: Maternal Depression Before and After the Birth of A Child. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 35, 19-27.
• Nhiwatiwa S, Patel V and Acuda W (1998) Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 52, 262-6.
• National Health and Medical Research Council (2000) Postnatal Depression- A Systemic Review of Published Scientific Literature to 1999. NHMRC: AusInfo, Canberra.
• Norton J ve ark (2004) Psychiatric Morbidity, Disability and Service Use Amongst Primarycare Attenders in France. Eur.Psychiatry, 19, 164-67.
• Nott PN and Cutts S (1982) Psychological Medicine, 12, 409-413.
• Oates MR, Cox JL, Neema S ve ark(2004) Postnatal Depression Across Countries and Cultures: A Qualitative Study. Brit J Psychiatry, Suppl 46,10-6.
• O'Hara M Swain A (1996) Rates and Risk of Postpartum Depression-A Meta-Analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 8: 37-54.
• Olsson C and Wikmar LN (2004) Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Ability Among Pregnant Women with and Without Back Pain in Late Pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 83, 351-357.
• Ormel J, VonKorff M, Ustun TB ve ark (1994) Common Mental Disorders and Disability Across Cul- tures. Results from the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. J Am Med Assoc, 272, 1741–1748.
• Patel V, Rodrigues M and DeSouza N (2002) Gender, Poverty, and Postnatal Depression: A Study of Mothers in Goa, India.[see Comment]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(1), 43-47.
• Patel V, DeSouza N and Rodrigues M (2003) Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88, 34-37.
• Patel V and Prince M (2006) British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 284-285.
• Patel V, Araya R, Lima MS ve ark(1999) Women, Poverty and Common Mental Disorders in Four Restructuring Societies. Soc Sci Med, 491, 461–471.
• Pollock JI, Manseki-Holland S and Patel V (2006) Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 267-271.
• Rahman A, Iqbal Z, Bunn J ve ark (2004) Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 946-52.
• Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry (2002) State Institute of Statistics. Population Census, Ankara.
• Ross LE and McLean LM (2006) Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Systematic Review. J Clin Psychiatry., 67(8),1285-98
• Ross LE, Evans SEG, Sellers EM ve ark (2003) Measurement Issues in Postpartum Depression Part 2: Assessment of Somatic Symptoms Using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Arch Womens Ment Health, 6, 59–64
• Rubertsson C, Wickberg B, Gustavsson Pve ark (2005). Depressive Symptoms in Early Pregnancy, two Months and One Year Postpartum – Prevalence and Psychosocial Risk Factors in a National Swedish Sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 2005, 8, 97-104.
• Stuchbery M, Matthey S and Barnett B (1998) Postnatal Depression and Social Supports in Vietnamese, Arabic and Anglo-Celtic Mothers. Soc Psychiat Psychiatr Epidemiol, 33, 483–490.
• Şentürk V (2007) Somatic Symptoms as an Indicator of Common Mental Disorders and Disability During the Perinatal Period. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisan Tezi, Institute of Psychiatry, KCL, Londra, İngiltere.
• Taylor D, Paton C, Kerwin R (2007) The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, 9th Edition, s. 364- 385.
• Tezel A and Gozum S (2006) Comparison of Effects of Nursing Care to Problem Solving Training on Levels of Depressive Symptoms in Postpartum Women. Patient Education and Counselling (in press) www.elsevier.com/locate/pateducou
• Theut SK, Pedersen FA, Zaslow MJ ve ark (1989) Perinatal Loss and Parental Bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry,146(5), 635–639.
• Unalan T (1997) Turkey's Population at the Beginning of the 21st Century. Nufus Bil Derg;19:57- 72.
• Uwakwe R (2003) Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107, 251-259.
• WHO (1999) WHODAS http://www.who.int/ icidh/whodas/index.html
• World Health Organisation. Maternal Mortality in 2000: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNFPA and UNICEF. Geneva: WHO, 2004.
• Zelkowitz P and Milet TH (1995) Screening for Postpartum Depression in a Community Sample. Can Med Assoc J, 40, 80–85.