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IMATION OF AMOK AND AMOK-SUICIDE

Year 2002, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 49 - 60, 01.06.2002
https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000182

Abstract

In the scientific literatüre there is no doubt
that imitation effects on aggression and suicide
exist. The reporting or portrayal of aggressive or
suicidal behaviour might be influential in the
short and long term. Previous data suggest that
also amok behaviour might be imitated. An
analysis of 132 reports of amok events for the
time period 01. 01. 1993 - 30. 06. 2000 in two
majör German nevvspapers shovved that the
majority of amok events are not distributed by
chance över time. Most amok events follovv an
other event in a period of time vvhich is within the
frame given by many studies of imitation: 10
days in Phillips (1974) studies, 18 days in the
study by Schmidtke & Hâfner (1988). This
uneven distribution speaks for a possible trigger
effect. There are also examples of a strong
similarity betvveen the events with regard to
person variables and the "modus operandi" of
the acts. Therefore, it may be dangerous to
report about amok events in a sensational way.
The reporting may trigger the same attitude and
behaviour in persons who found themselves in a
similar state of mood. That it would be possible
to use the media also for preventing such acts is
clearly shown by some studies on media effects
on suicidal behaviour.

References

  • Adler L (2001). Amok im Spektrum homizidalsuizidaler Handlungen. Suicidprophylaxe, 28, 103- 108.
  • Adler L (2000). Amok. München: Belleville.
  • Adler L, Lehmann K, Râder K, Schünemann KF (1993). "Amoklâufer" -kontentanalytische Untersuchung an 196 Pressemitteilungen aus industrialisierten Lândern. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 61, 424-433.
  • Arboleda-Florez J (1971). Amok. İn: RC Simon & CC Hughes (Eds.) The culture bound syndromes. Dordrecht: Reidel, 251-262.
  • Bach-y-Rita G, Lion JR, Climent CE, Ervin FR (1971). Episodic dyscontrol -a study of 130 violent patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 49- 57.
  • Berkowitz L, Macaulay J (1971). The contagion of criminal violence. Sociometry, 34, 238-260.
  • Berman A, Jobes D, O'CarroII P (1995). The aftermath of Kurt Cobains's suicide. Paper presented at the XVIII Congress of the International Association for Suicide Prevention, Venice.
  • Cantor CH, Sheehan PW (1996). Violence and media reports -a connection with Hungerford? Archives of Suicide Research, 2, 255-266.
  • Etzersdorfer E (2001). Suicide prevention by the media: Austrian experience. Paper presented at the Con-gress NoSuicide, Geneva.
  • Elzersdorfer E, Sonneck G (1999). Suizidprâvention durch Beeinflussung von Medienberichten. Psychotherapie, 4, 199-205.
  • Gould MS, Shaffer D (1986). The impact of suicide in television movies. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 690-694.
  • Havvton K, Simkin S, Deeks JJ, O'Connor S, Keen A, Altman DG, Philo G, Bulstrode C (1999). Effects of a drug overdose in a television drama on presentations to hospital for şelf poisoning: time series and questionnaire study. British Medical Journal, 318, 972-977.
  • Hâfner H, Schmidtke A (1986). Effects of the mass media on suicidal behaviour and deliberate self-harm. VVHO-Paper ICP/PSF 017/10.
  • Jobes DA, Berman AL, O'Carrol P, Eastgard S, Knickmeyer S (1996). The Kurt Cobain suicide crisis: perspectives from research, public health and the news media. Sucide and Life Threatening Behavior, 26,260-271.
  • Kienhorst I (1994). Kurt Cobain. Crisis, 15: 62- 63.
  • Kraepelin E (1904). Vergleichende Psychiatrie. Zentralbl. Gesamte Neurol. Psychiat. 27, 433- 437.
  • Maletzky B M (1973). The epsisodic dyscontrol syndrome. Diseases of the Nervous System, 34,178- 185.
  • Murphy H B M (1982). The affective disorders of comparative psychiatry. The international and intercultural distribution of mental illness. İn: Murphy, H. B. M. (Eds.) Berlin: Springer, 108-114.
  • Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon, 407.
  • Phillips DP (1974). The influence of suggestion on suicide: Substantive and theoretical implications of the VVerther effect. American Sociological Revievv, 39, 340-354.
  • Phillips DP (1982). The impact of fictional television stories on U.S. adult fatalities: New evidence on the effect of the mass media on violence. American Journal of Sociology, 87:1340-1359.
  • Phillips DP (1983). The impact of mass media violence on U.S. homicides. American Sociological Revievv, 48: 560-568.
  • Phillips DP (1998). The VVerther effect. Suicide, and other forms of violence, are contagious. Sciences, 25, 32-39.
  • Phillips DP, Carstensen LL (1998.) The effect of suicide stories on various demographic groups, 1968- 85. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 18, 100- 114.
  • Phillips DP, Carstensen LL (1996). Clustering of teenage suicides af ter television news stories about suicide. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 685- 689.
  • Phillips DP, Hensley JE (1984). VVhen violence is revvarded or punished: The impact of mass media stories on homicide. Journal of Communication, 34, 101-116.
  • Phillips DP, Lesyna MA, Paight DJ (1992). Suicide and the media. İn: RW Maris, AL Berman, JT Maltsberger and Rl Yufit (Eds.). Assessment and Prediction of Suicide. New York: Guilford.
  • Schmidtke A, Fricke S, Lester D (1999). Suicide among German Federal and State poliçe officers. Psychological Reports, 84, 157-166.
  • Schmidtke A, Hâfner H (1988). The VVerther effect after television films-evidence for an old hypothesis. Psychological Medicine, 18, 665-676.
  • Schmidtke A, Schaller S (2000). The role of mass media in suicide prevention. İn: K Havvton & K van Heeringen (Eds.). International handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. New York: VViley, 675- 697.
  • Schmidtke A, Schaller S (1998). VVhat do we knovv about media effects on imitation of suicidal behavior? State of the art. İn: D DeLeo, DA Schmidtke & RFVV Diekstra (Eds.) Suicide prevention - A holistic approach. Kluwer, 121-137.
  • Schmidtke A, Schaller S, VVasserman D (2001). Suicide clusters and media coverage of suicide. İn VVasserman D (Ed.). Suicide -An unnecessary death. London: Dunitz, 265-268.
  • Siegel S (1956). Nonparametric statistics. London. MacGraw Hill.
  • Stack S (1989). The effect of publicezed mass murders and murder suicides on lethal violence, 1968-1980: A research note. Social Psychiatriy and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 1989, 24, 202-208.
  • Stack S (1996). The effect of the media on suicide: evidence from Japan. Suicide and LifeThreatening Behavior, 26, 405-414.
  • Velting DM, Gould MS (1997). Suicide contagion. İn: RW Maris, MS Silverman & SS Canetto (Eds.) Review of Suicidology. New York: Guilford, 96- 137.
Year 2002, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 49 - 60, 01.06.2002
https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000182

Abstract

References

  • Adler L (2001). Amok im Spektrum homizidalsuizidaler Handlungen. Suicidprophylaxe, 28, 103- 108.
  • Adler L (2000). Amok. München: Belleville.
  • Adler L, Lehmann K, Râder K, Schünemann KF (1993). "Amoklâufer" -kontentanalytische Untersuchung an 196 Pressemitteilungen aus industrialisierten Lândern. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 61, 424-433.
  • Arboleda-Florez J (1971). Amok. İn: RC Simon & CC Hughes (Eds.) The culture bound syndromes. Dordrecht: Reidel, 251-262.
  • Bach-y-Rita G, Lion JR, Climent CE, Ervin FR (1971). Episodic dyscontrol -a study of 130 violent patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 49- 57.
  • Berkowitz L, Macaulay J (1971). The contagion of criminal violence. Sociometry, 34, 238-260.
  • Berman A, Jobes D, O'CarroII P (1995). The aftermath of Kurt Cobains's suicide. Paper presented at the XVIII Congress of the International Association for Suicide Prevention, Venice.
  • Cantor CH, Sheehan PW (1996). Violence and media reports -a connection with Hungerford? Archives of Suicide Research, 2, 255-266.
  • Etzersdorfer E (2001). Suicide prevention by the media: Austrian experience. Paper presented at the Con-gress NoSuicide, Geneva.
  • Elzersdorfer E, Sonneck G (1999). Suizidprâvention durch Beeinflussung von Medienberichten. Psychotherapie, 4, 199-205.
  • Gould MS, Shaffer D (1986). The impact of suicide in television movies. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 690-694.
  • Havvton K, Simkin S, Deeks JJ, O'Connor S, Keen A, Altman DG, Philo G, Bulstrode C (1999). Effects of a drug overdose in a television drama on presentations to hospital for şelf poisoning: time series and questionnaire study. British Medical Journal, 318, 972-977.
  • Hâfner H, Schmidtke A (1986). Effects of the mass media on suicidal behaviour and deliberate self-harm. VVHO-Paper ICP/PSF 017/10.
  • Jobes DA, Berman AL, O'Carrol P, Eastgard S, Knickmeyer S (1996). The Kurt Cobain suicide crisis: perspectives from research, public health and the news media. Sucide and Life Threatening Behavior, 26,260-271.
  • Kienhorst I (1994). Kurt Cobain. Crisis, 15: 62- 63.
  • Kraepelin E (1904). Vergleichende Psychiatrie. Zentralbl. Gesamte Neurol. Psychiat. 27, 433- 437.
  • Maletzky B M (1973). The epsisodic dyscontrol syndrome. Diseases of the Nervous System, 34,178- 185.
  • Murphy H B M (1982). The affective disorders of comparative psychiatry. The international and intercultural distribution of mental illness. İn: Murphy, H. B. M. (Eds.) Berlin: Springer, 108-114.
  • Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon, 407.
  • Phillips DP (1974). The influence of suggestion on suicide: Substantive and theoretical implications of the VVerther effect. American Sociological Revievv, 39, 340-354.
  • Phillips DP (1982). The impact of fictional television stories on U.S. adult fatalities: New evidence on the effect of the mass media on violence. American Journal of Sociology, 87:1340-1359.
  • Phillips DP (1983). The impact of mass media violence on U.S. homicides. American Sociological Revievv, 48: 560-568.
  • Phillips DP (1998). The VVerther effect. Suicide, and other forms of violence, are contagious. Sciences, 25, 32-39.
  • Phillips DP, Carstensen LL (1998.) The effect of suicide stories on various demographic groups, 1968- 85. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 18, 100- 114.
  • Phillips DP, Carstensen LL (1996). Clustering of teenage suicides af ter television news stories about suicide. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 685- 689.
  • Phillips DP, Hensley JE (1984). VVhen violence is revvarded or punished: The impact of mass media stories on homicide. Journal of Communication, 34, 101-116.
  • Phillips DP, Lesyna MA, Paight DJ (1992). Suicide and the media. İn: RW Maris, AL Berman, JT Maltsberger and Rl Yufit (Eds.). Assessment and Prediction of Suicide. New York: Guilford.
  • Schmidtke A, Fricke S, Lester D (1999). Suicide among German Federal and State poliçe officers. Psychological Reports, 84, 157-166.
  • Schmidtke A, Hâfner H (1988). The VVerther effect after television films-evidence for an old hypothesis. Psychological Medicine, 18, 665-676.
  • Schmidtke A, Schaller S (2000). The role of mass media in suicide prevention. İn: K Havvton & K van Heeringen (Eds.). International handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. New York: VViley, 675- 697.
  • Schmidtke A, Schaller S (1998). VVhat do we knovv about media effects on imitation of suicidal behavior? State of the art. İn: D DeLeo, DA Schmidtke & RFVV Diekstra (Eds.) Suicide prevention - A holistic approach. Kluwer, 121-137.
  • Schmidtke A, Schaller S, VVasserman D (2001). Suicide clusters and media coverage of suicide. İn VVasserman D (Ed.). Suicide -An unnecessary death. London: Dunitz, 265-268.
  • Siegel S (1956). Nonparametric statistics. London. MacGraw Hill.
  • Stack S (1989). The effect of publicezed mass murders and murder suicides on lethal violence, 1968-1980: A research note. Social Psychiatriy and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 1989, 24, 202-208.
  • Stack S (1996). The effect of the media on suicide: evidence from Japan. Suicide and LifeThreatening Behavior, 26, 405-414.
  • Velting DM, Gould MS (1997). Suicide contagion. İn: RW Maris, MS Silverman & SS Canetto (Eds.) Review of Suicidology. New York: Guilford, 96- 137.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA78RB88ZM
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

A Schmıdtke This is me

S. Schaller This is me

İ. Mıller This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2002
Submission Date June 1, 2002
Published in Issue Year 2002 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Schmıdtke, A., Schaller, S., & Mıller, İ. (2002). IMATION OF AMOK AND AMOK-SUICIDE. Kriz Dergisi, 10(2), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000182