Aşılama ve Aşıların Tarihçesi

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 11 - 28, 30.03.2016

Melahat Akdeniz , Ethem Kavukcu

Abstract

Aşılar, sağlık alanındaki gelişmelerden daha fazla yaşam kurtarmıştır. Modern aşılar,

1789’da Jenner’in çiçek aşısını geliştirmesi ile başlamıştır. O tarihten günümüze dek pek

çok aşı geliştirilmiştir. Son iki yüzyılda aşılama alanında pek çok gelişme olmuştur. Pek

çok ek aşı araştırma ve geliştirilme aşamasındadır. Günümüzde araştırmacılar mevcut aşıları

geliştirmek ve HIV/AİDS gibi infeksiyonlar, kanserler ve bazı kronik hastalıklar ile

savaşmak için aşı geliştirmeye çalışmaktadırlar.

Keywords

Aşılamanın Tarihçesi, Aşıların geliştirilmesi, Yeni Aşı Çalışmaları

References

• 1. Plotkin S. History of vaccination. PNAS, 2014;111(34):12283–12287 2. Leungh AKC. “Variolation” and Vaccination in Late Imperial China, Ca 1570–1911 in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP. 3-12. 3. Chris J. Hong An Historical Examination of Smallpox Vaccinations: Past and Present Immunization Challenges 4. Riedel S. Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination. Bumc Proceedings 2005;18:21–25 5. Baxby D. Edward Jenner’s Role in the Introduction of Smallpox Vaccine in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP. 13-20 6. İzgörer AG. Ahmed Cevdet Paşa tarafından yazılmış bazı tıbbi dokümanlar. Yeni Tıp Tarihi araştırmaları. 1998: 4:23713. 7. Jenner F. Smallpox Eradication: The Vindication of Jenner’s Prophesy in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP. 27-32 8. Stern AM, Markel H. The History Of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges. Health Affairs, 2005;24(3):611-621. 9. Bazin H. Pasteur and the Birth of Vaccines Made in the Laboratory. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP. 33-46. 10. Luca S, Mihaescu T, History of BCG Vaccine. MAEDICA, 2013; 8(1): 53-58. 11. Locht C. The Art & Science of Tuberculosis Vaccine Development Chapter 5.1 The history of BCG 12. Gheorgiu M. Antituberculosis BCG Vaccine: Lessons from the Past. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP 47-55 13. McShane H. Tuberculosis vaccines: beyond bacille Calmette–Gueerin. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2011) 366, 2782–2789 14. Kaufmann SH, Gengenbacher M. Recombinant live vaccine candidates against tuberculosis. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2012;23(6):900-7. 15. Shapiro-Shapin CG. Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, and the Pertussis Vaccine. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(8):1273-1279 16. Geier D, Geier M. The True Story of Pertussis Vaccination. A sordid Legacy. Journal of History Medicine. 2002;57:249-285. 17. Granström M. The History of pertussis Vaccination: From Whole –Cell to subunit Vaccines. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP 73-82 18. Reliveld EH. History of Toksoid. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP 57-62 19. Baker RP, Katz SI. Childhood Vaccine Development: An Overview. Pediatric Research 2004;55(2):347-359. 20. Katz SL, Wilfert CM, Robbins FC. The role of tissue culture in vaccine development. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP 145-149 21. Baicus A. History of polio vaccination. World J Virol. 2012;1(4):108-114 22. Baker JP. The first Measles Vaccine. Pediatrics 2011;128(5):435-437 23. Katz SL. The History of Measles Virus and the Development and Utilization of Measles Virus Vaccines. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP 199-205. 24. Hilleman MR. The Development of Live Attenuated Mumps Virus Vaccine in Historic Perspective and Its Role in the Evolution of Combined Measles–Mumps–Rubella in in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London 25. Plotkin SA. The History of Rubella and Rubella Vaccination Leading to Elimination. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 43:S164–168 26. Austrian R. Bacterial polysaccharide vaccines. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP 83-90 27. Robbins JB, Schneerson S, Szu SC, Pozsgay V. Polysaccharide –protein conjugate vaccines. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP 91-102. 28. Akdeniz M, mevsim G. Gripte güncel gelişmeler. Klinik Tıp Aile hekimliği, 2015;7(2): 7-15 29. Hilleman MR. Three decades of hepatitis vaccinology in historic perspective. A paradigm of successful pursuit. in History of Vaccine Development ed. Plotkin SA. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011, London PP 233-246 30. Koff WC, Russel ND, Walport M, Feinberg MB et al. Accelerating the development of a safe and effective HIV vaccine: HIV vaccine case study for the Decade of Vaccines. Vaccine 31S (2013) B204– B208 31. Esperza J. A brief history of the global effort to develop a preventive HIV vaccine. Vaccine 31 (2013) 3502– 3518 32. Kurugöl Z. Güncel aşılama. 57. Milli Pediatri Kongresi bildirileri. 30 Ekim - 03 Kasım 2013, Antalya 33. Topal M, Aşılar, Aşıların Üretimi Ve Ülkemizdeki Mevcut Durum. Erişim www.keymen.com.tr. Erişim tarihi. 21.05.2015 34. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Medicines in Development Vaccines 2013. Erişim. http://www.phrma.org/media/ releases/nearly-300-vaccines-development-prevention-treatment- disease. Erişim tarihi 21.05.2015 35. Nossal GJV. Vaccines and future global health. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2011; 366, 2833–2840 36. Levine MM. “IDEAL” vaccines for resource poor settings. Vaccines 2011;29S:D116– D125 37. Wahren B, Liu MA. DNA Vaccines: Recent Developments and the Future. Vaccines 2014, 2, 785-796 38. WHO (2013) Global Tuberculosis Control Report, 2013, Geneva: World Health Organisation