Review
Year 2017,
Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 50 - 57, 10.04.2017
Abstract
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is increasingly seen worldwide in earlier ages paralelled to the obesity epidemic. Adolescents with T2DM are now emerged in Pediatric Diabetes clinics. It is important to differentiate T2DM from T1DM which is the most common form of Diabetes in the pediatric age group, as well as from MODY due to considerations in clinical and therapeutic approach and prognosis. In this review Clinical diagnosis and management of pediatric T2DM will be discussed.
References
- Kaynaklar 1.Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mel-litus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2005; 146:693. 2.Weiss R, Caprio S, Trombetta M, et al. Beta-cell function across thespectrum of glucose tolerance in obese youth. Diabetes 2005; 54:1735. 3.Elder DA, Hornung LN, Herbers PM, et al. Rapid deterioration ofinsulin secretion in obese adolescents preceding the onset of type 2diabetes. J Pediatr 2015; 166:672. 4.Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of type 1and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to2009. JAMA 2014; 311:1778. 5.Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, et al. Increased inciden-ce of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents. JPediatr 1996; 128:608. 6.Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Gro-up, Dabelea D, Bell RA, et al. Incidence of diabetes in youth in theUnited States. JAMA 2007; 297:2716. 7.Urakami T, Kubota S, Nitadori Y, et al. Annual incidence and cli-nical characteristics of type 2 diabetes in children as detected by uri-ne glucose screening in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Diabetes Care2005; 28:1876. 8.Likitmaskul S, Kiattisathavee P, Chaichanwatanakul K, et al. Increa-sing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Thai children and ado-lescents associated with increasing prevalence of obesity. J PediatrEndocrinol Metab 2003; 16:71. 9.United States Centers for Disease Control: National Diabetes Sta-tistics Report, 2014. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14.htm (Accessed on July 18, 2014). 10.Saygın Abalı, Enes Çelik, Belma Haliloğlu, Nuray Kırkıç, Serpil Baş,Zeynep Atay, Tülay Güran, Serap Turan, Abdullah Bereket. Çocuk-luk Çağı Diyabetinde Etiyoloji ve Demografik Özellikler: Marma-ra Deneyimi: Ulusal Pediatrik Endokrinoloji Kongresi İstanbul, 2014 11.Babaoglu K, Hatun S, Arslanoglu I, Isguven P, Bas F, Ercan O, Da-rendelile, F, Bundak R, Saka N, Gunoz H, Bereket A, Memioglu N,Neyzi O. Evaluation of glucose intolerance in adolescents relativeto adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.2006 19(11):1319-26. 12.Lee JM, Okumura MJ, Freed GL, et al. Trends in hospitalizationsfor diabetes among children and young adults: United States, 19932004. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:3035. 13.Liu LL, Lawrence JM, Davis C, et al. Prevalence of overweight andobesity in youth with diabetes in USA: the SEARCH for Diabetes inYouth study. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11:4. 14.Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, et al. Characteristics of adoles-cents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY co-hort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:159. 15.Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Burke GL, et al. Relation of body fatdistribution to hyperinsulinemia in children and adolescents: the Bo-galusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:403. 16.Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PW. Parental transmission of type 2diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 2000; 49:2201. 17.Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RD, Pyke DA. Diabetes in identical twins.A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 1981; 20:87. 18.Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, et al. .; MAGIC investiga-tors; GIANT Consortium .. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility lociidentified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet2010;42:579–589 19.Ball GD, Huang TT, Gower BA, et al. Longitudinal changes in in-sulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and beta-cell function during pu-berty. J Pediatr 2006; 148:16. 20.Gungor N, Hannon T, Libman I, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in yo-uth: the complete picture to date. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005; 52:1579. 21.C Kurtoğlu S, Hatipoğlu N, Mazıcıoğlu M, Kendirici M, Keskin M,Kondolot M. Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents:HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods. JClin Res Pediatr Endocrinol.2010;2(3):100-6 22.Forsén T, Eriksson J, Tuomilehto J, et al. The fetal and childho-od growth of persons who develop type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med2000; 133:176. 23.Sapru A, Gitelman SE, Bhatia S, et al. Prevalence and characteris-tics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in 9-18 year-old children with dia-betic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18:865. 24.Rewers A, Klingensmith G, Davis C, et al. Presence of diabetic ke-toacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search forDiabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e1258. 25.American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis ofDiabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:S11. 26.Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, McCarty D, de Courten M. Type 2 diabetesworldwide according to the new classification and criteria. Diabe-tes Care 2000; 23 Suppl 2:B5. 27.International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee re-port on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Dia-betes Care 2009; 32:1327. 28.Kapadia C, Zeitler P, Drugs and Therapeutics Committee of the Pe-diatric Endocrine Society. Hemoglobin A1c measurement for the di-agnosis of Type 2 diabetes in children. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2012;2012:31. 29.Dabelea D, Pihoker C, Talton JW, et al. Etiological approach to cha-racterization of diabetes type: the SEARCH for Diabetes in YouthStudy. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:1628. 30.Klingensmith GJ, Pyle L, Arslanian S, et al. The presence of GADand IA-2 antibodies in youth with a type 2 diabetes phenotype: re-sults from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1970. 31.American Diabetes Association. 5. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Dia-betes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:S44. 32.Libman IM, Barinas-Mitchell E, Bartucci A, et al. Reproducibilityof the oral glucose tolerance test in overweight children. J Clin En-docrinol Metab 2008; 93:4231. 33.Quinn SM, Baur LA, Garnett SP, Cowell CT. Treatment of clini-cal insulin resistance in children: a systematic review. Obes Rev2010; 11:722. 34.Willi SM, Martin K, Datko FM, Brant BP. Treatment of type 2 dia-betes in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet. Diabetes Care 2004;27:348. 35.Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, et al. Management of newlydiagnosed type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in children and adoles-cents. Pediatrics 2013; 131:364. 36.Springer SC, Silverstein J, Copeland K, et al. Management of type2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2013;131:e648. 37.TODAY Study Group, Zeitler P, Epstein L, et al. Treatment optionsfor type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth: a study of the compa-rative efficacy of metformin alone or in combination with rosiglita-zone or lifestyle intervention in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Pe-diatr Diabetes 2007; 8:74. 38.TODAY Study Group, Zeitler P, Hirst K, et al. A clinical trial to ma-intain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med2012; 366:2247. 39.Kelly AS, Rudser KD, Nathan BM, et al. The effect of glucagon-likepeptide-1 receptor agonist therapy on body mass index in adolescentswith severe obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical tri-al. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167:355. 40.Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovas-cular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med2015; 373:2117. 41.Hasan FM, Alsahli M, Gerich JE. SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatmentof type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104:297. 42.Tahrani AA, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ. SGLT inhibitors in managementof diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013; 1:140. 43.Inge TH, Miyano G, Bean J, et al. Reversal of type 2 diabetes mel-litus and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors after surgicalweight loss in adolescents. Pediatrics 2009; 123:214. 44.Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents:Treatment recommendations of the National Cholesterol EducationProgram report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels inChildren and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 1992;89 (Suppl.):525-584. 45.HEALTHY Study Group, Foster GD, Linder B, et al. A school-ba-sed intervention for diabetes risk reduction. N Engl J Med 2010;363:443. 46.Young TK, Martens PJ, Taback SP, Sellers EA, Dean HJ, CheangM, Flett B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children: prenatal and earlyinfancy risk factors among native Canadians. Arch Pediatr AdolescMed 2002;156(7):651-5.
Year 2017,
Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 50 - 57, 10.04.2017
Abstract
Öz
Obezite epidemisine paralel olarak tüm dünyada artış gösteren Tip-2 Diyabetes Mel-litus (Tip-2DM) olguları giderek daha erken yaşlara kaymaya başlamış ve artık adolesanlarda da görülmeye başlamıştır. Adolesanlardaki Tip-2DM yi çocukluk çağında daha sık görülen Tip-1DM den ve MODY den ayırmak hem klinik yaklaşım, hem prognoz açısından önemlidir. Bu yazıda çocuk ve adolesanlarda T2DM in tanı ve tedavisi gözden geçirlecektir.
References
- Kaynaklar 1.Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mel-litus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2005; 146:693. 2.Weiss R, Caprio S, Trombetta M, et al. Beta-cell function across thespectrum of glucose tolerance in obese youth. Diabetes 2005; 54:1735. 3.Elder DA, Hornung LN, Herbers PM, et al. Rapid deterioration ofinsulin secretion in obese adolescents preceding the onset of type 2diabetes. J Pediatr 2015; 166:672. 4.Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of type 1and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to2009. JAMA 2014; 311:1778. 5.Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, et al. Increased inciden-ce of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents. JPediatr 1996; 128:608. 6.Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Gro-up, Dabelea D, Bell RA, et al. Incidence of diabetes in youth in theUnited States. JAMA 2007; 297:2716. 7.Urakami T, Kubota S, Nitadori Y, et al. Annual incidence and cli-nical characteristics of type 2 diabetes in children as detected by uri-ne glucose screening in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Diabetes Care2005; 28:1876. 8.Likitmaskul S, Kiattisathavee P, Chaichanwatanakul K, et al. Increa-sing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Thai children and ado-lescents associated with increasing prevalence of obesity. J PediatrEndocrinol Metab 2003; 16:71. 9.United States Centers for Disease Control: National Diabetes Sta-tistics Report, 2014. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14.htm (Accessed on July 18, 2014). 10.Saygın Abalı, Enes Çelik, Belma Haliloğlu, Nuray Kırkıç, Serpil Baş,Zeynep Atay, Tülay Güran, Serap Turan, Abdullah Bereket. Çocuk-luk Çağı Diyabetinde Etiyoloji ve Demografik Özellikler: Marma-ra Deneyimi: Ulusal Pediatrik Endokrinoloji Kongresi İstanbul, 2014 11.Babaoglu K, Hatun S, Arslanoglu I, Isguven P, Bas F, Ercan O, Da-rendelile, F, Bundak R, Saka N, Gunoz H, Bereket A, Memioglu N,Neyzi O. Evaluation of glucose intolerance in adolescents relativeto adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.2006 19(11):1319-26. 12.Lee JM, Okumura MJ, Freed GL, et al. Trends in hospitalizationsfor diabetes among children and young adults: United States, 19932004. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:3035. 13.Liu LL, Lawrence JM, Davis C, et al. Prevalence of overweight andobesity in youth with diabetes in USA: the SEARCH for Diabetes inYouth study. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11:4. 14.Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, et al. Characteristics of adoles-cents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY co-hort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:159. 15.Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Burke GL, et al. Relation of body fatdistribution to hyperinsulinemia in children and adolescents: the Bo-galusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:403. 16.Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PW. Parental transmission of type 2diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 2000; 49:2201. 17.Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RD, Pyke DA. Diabetes in identical twins.A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 1981; 20:87. 18.Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, et al. .; MAGIC investiga-tors; GIANT Consortium .. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility lociidentified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet2010;42:579–589 19.Ball GD, Huang TT, Gower BA, et al. Longitudinal changes in in-sulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and beta-cell function during pu-berty. J Pediatr 2006; 148:16. 20.Gungor N, Hannon T, Libman I, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in yo-uth: the complete picture to date. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005; 52:1579. 21.C Kurtoğlu S, Hatipoğlu N, Mazıcıoğlu M, Kendirici M, Keskin M,Kondolot M. Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents:HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods. JClin Res Pediatr Endocrinol.2010;2(3):100-6 22.Forsén T, Eriksson J, Tuomilehto J, et al. The fetal and childho-od growth of persons who develop type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med2000; 133:176. 23.Sapru A, Gitelman SE, Bhatia S, et al. Prevalence and characteris-tics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in 9-18 year-old children with dia-betic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18:865. 24.Rewers A, Klingensmith G, Davis C, et al. Presence of diabetic ke-toacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search forDiabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e1258. 25.American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis ofDiabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:S11. 26.Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, McCarty D, de Courten M. Type 2 diabetesworldwide according to the new classification and criteria. Diabe-tes Care 2000; 23 Suppl 2:B5. 27.International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee re-port on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Dia-betes Care 2009; 32:1327. 28.Kapadia C, Zeitler P, Drugs and Therapeutics Committee of the Pe-diatric Endocrine Society. Hemoglobin A1c measurement for the di-agnosis of Type 2 diabetes in children. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2012;2012:31. 29.Dabelea D, Pihoker C, Talton JW, et al. Etiological approach to cha-racterization of diabetes type: the SEARCH for Diabetes in YouthStudy. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:1628. 30.Klingensmith GJ, Pyle L, Arslanian S, et al. The presence of GADand IA-2 antibodies in youth with a type 2 diabetes phenotype: re-sults from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1970. 31.American Diabetes Association. 5. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Dia-betes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:S44. 32.Libman IM, Barinas-Mitchell E, Bartucci A, et al. Reproducibilityof the oral glucose tolerance test in overweight children. J Clin En-docrinol Metab 2008; 93:4231. 33.Quinn SM, Baur LA, Garnett SP, Cowell CT. Treatment of clini-cal insulin resistance in children: a systematic review. Obes Rev2010; 11:722. 34.Willi SM, Martin K, Datko FM, Brant BP. Treatment of type 2 dia-betes in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet. Diabetes Care 2004;27:348. 35.Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, et al. Management of newlydiagnosed type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in children and adoles-cents. Pediatrics 2013; 131:364. 36.Springer SC, Silverstein J, Copeland K, et al. Management of type2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2013;131:e648. 37.TODAY Study Group, Zeitler P, Epstein L, et al. Treatment optionsfor type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth: a study of the compa-rative efficacy of metformin alone or in combination with rosiglita-zone or lifestyle intervention in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Pe-diatr Diabetes 2007; 8:74. 38.TODAY Study Group, Zeitler P, Hirst K, et al. A clinical trial to ma-intain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med2012; 366:2247. 39.Kelly AS, Rudser KD, Nathan BM, et al. The effect of glucagon-likepeptide-1 receptor agonist therapy on body mass index in adolescentswith severe obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical tri-al. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167:355. 40.Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovas-cular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med2015; 373:2117. 41.Hasan FM, Alsahli M, Gerich JE. SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatmentof type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104:297. 42.Tahrani AA, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ. SGLT inhibitors in managementof diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013; 1:140. 43.Inge TH, Miyano G, Bean J, et al. Reversal of type 2 diabetes mel-litus and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors after surgicalweight loss in adolescents. Pediatrics 2009; 123:214. 44.Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents:Treatment recommendations of the National Cholesterol EducationProgram report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels inChildren and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 1992;89 (Suppl.):525-584. 45.HEALTHY Study Group, Foster GD, Linder B, et al. A school-ba-sed intervention for diabetes risk reduction. N Engl J Med 2010;363:443. 46.Young TK, Martens PJ, Taback SP, Sellers EA, Dean HJ, CheangM, Flett B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children: prenatal and earlyinfancy risk factors among native Canadians. Arch Pediatr AdolescMed 2002;156(7):651-5.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Makaleler 1 |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 10, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 5 Issue: 4 |
