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Principles of Parenteral Nutrition in Neonates

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 38 - 44, 30.03.2016

Abstract

Abstract

Parenteral nutrition (PN) in preterm infants should be initiated as soon as posssible, preferably within the first 24 hours in order to prevent postnatal growth failure and improve  neuro development outcome. Providing high levels of parenteralamino acids from the first day of life prevents negative nitrogen balance and welltolerated. Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) constitute a good energy source because of their high energy density. ILE provide essential fatty acids (EFA) along  their long-chain polyunsatured fatty acid (LC-PUFA) derivates are necessary for cen-tral nervous system development and retinal growth. In preterm infants glucose homeostasis is stil immature and abnormalities of glucose homeostasis are common.Prematüre infants prone to hyperglycemia as well as hypoglycemia. Postpartum there is a transition period when the water and electrolyte balance may be severely disturbed and should be closed monitored. PN is complex prescription therapy associated with significant adverse effects. The prescriber should be well versed in appropriate indications for PN as well as access devices (peripheral and central) and theirassociated complications.

References

  • Kaynaklar 1.De Curtis, M. and J. Rigo, The nutrition of preterm infants.Early human development, 2012. 88: p. S5-S7. 2.Ziegler, E.E., Meeting the nutritional needs of the low-birth-weight infant. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2011.58(Suppl. 1): p. 8-18. 3.Ehrenkranz, R.A., et al., Early nutrition mediates the influen-ce of severity of illness on extremely LBW infants. Pediatricresearch, 2011. 69(6): p. 522-529. 4.Martin, C.R., et al., Nutritional practices and growth velocityin the first month of life in extremely premature infants. Pe-diatrics, 2009. 124(2): p. 649-657. 5.Senterre, T. and J. Rigo, Reduction in postnatal cumulativenutritional deficit and improvement of growth in extremely pre-term infants. Acta Paediatrica, 2012. 101(2): p. e64-e70. 6.Ziegler, E.E., P.J. Thureen, and S.J. Carlson, Aggressive nut-rition of the very low birthweight infant. Clinics in perinato-logy, 2002. 29(2): p. 225-244. 7.Embleton, N.D., Optimal protein and energy intakes in preterminfants. Early human development, 2007. 83(12): p. 831-837. 8.te Braake, F.W., et al., Amino acid administration to prema-ture infants directly after birth. The Journal of pediatrics, 2005.147(4): p. 457-461. 9.Thureen, P.J., et al., Effect of low versus high intravenous ami-no acid intake on very low birth weight infants in the early neo-natal period. Pediatric research, 2003. 53(1): p. 24-32. 10.Bilgen C., K.N., Türkyılmaz H,, Prematüre ve hasta term be-beğin beslenmesi rehberi 2014. 11.Sunehag, A.L., et al., Gluconeogenesis in very low birth we-ight infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. Diabetes, 1999.48(4): p. 791-800. 12.Koletzko, B., et al., Guidelines on paediatric parenteral nut-rition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European So-ciety for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), suppor-ted by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR).Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2005. 41:p. S1-S4. 13.Porcelli Jr, P.J. and P.M. Sisk, Increased parenteral aminoacid administration to extremely low-birth-weight infants du-ring early postnatal life. Journal of pediatric gastroenterologyand nutrition, 2002. 34(2): p. 174-179. 14.Stephens, B.E., et al., First-week protein and energy intakesare associated with 18-month developmental outcomes in ext-remely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 2009. 123(5): p.1337-1343. 15.Valentine, C., et al., Early amino-acid administration impro-ves preterm infant weight. Journal of Perinatology, 2009. 29(6):p. 428-432. 16.Riskin, A., C. Hartman, and R. Shamir, Parenteral Nutritionin Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants. The Israel Medi-cal Association journal: IMAJ, 2015. 17(5): p. 310-315. 17.Gutcher, G.R. and P.M. Farrell, Intravenous infusion of lipidfor the prevention of essential fatty acid deficiency in prema-ture infants. The American journal of clinical nutrition,1991. 54(6): p. 1024-1028. 18.Weintraub, V., F.B. Mimouni, and S. Dollberg, Effect of birthweight and postnatal age upon resting energy expenditure inpreterm infants. American journal of perinatology, 2009. 26(3):p. 173-177. 19.Gura, K.M., et al., Safety and efficacy of a fish-oil–based fatemulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition–associatedliver disease. Pediatrics, 2008. 121(3): p. e678-e686. 20.Koletzko, B., Intravenous lipid emulsions for infants: when andwhich? The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012. 96(2):p. 225-226. 21.Vlaardingerbroek, H., et al., Parenteral lipid administrationto very-low-birth-weight infants—early introduction of lipidsand use of new lipid emulsions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012: p.ajcn. 040717. 22.Ogilvy-Stuart, A. and K. Beardsall, Management of hypergly-caemia in the preterm infant. Archives of Disease in Child-hood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 2010. 95(2): p. F126-F131. 23.Sinclair, J.C., M. Bottino, and R.M. Cowett, Interventions forprevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth we-ight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011. 10. 24.Bottino, M., R.M. Cowett, and J.C. Sinclair, Interventions fortreatment of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weightinfants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011. 10. 25.Kugelman, A. and M. Durand, A comprehensive approach tothe prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatric pul-monology, 2011. 46(12): p. 1153-1165. 26.Prestridge, L.L., et al., Effect of parenteral calcium and phosp-horus therapy on mineral retention and bone mineral contentin very low birth weight infants. The Journal of pediatrics, 1993.122(5): p. 761-768. 27.Darlow, B.A. and N. Austin, Selenium supplementation to pre-vent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates. Cochrane Da-tabase Syst Rev, 2003. 4. 28.Greene, H.L., et al., Guidelines for the use of vitamins, traceelements, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in infants andchildren receiving total parenteral nutrition: report of the Sub-committee on Pediatric Parenteral Nutrient Requirements fromthe Committee on Clinical Practice Issues of the American So-ciety for Clinical Nutrition. The American journal of clinicalnutrition, 1988. 48(5): p. 1324-1342. 29.Makhoul, I.R., et al., Selenium concentrations in maternal andumbilical cord blood at 24–42 weeks of gestation: basis foroptimization of selenium supplementation to premature infants.Clinical nutrition, 2004. 23(3): p. 373-381. 30.Boullata, J.I., et al., ASPEN Clinical Guidelines ParenteralNutrition Ordering, Order Review, Compounding, Labe-ling, and Dispensing. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nut-rition, 2014: p. 0148607114521833. 31.www.saglik.gov.tr/TR/dosya/1-66452/h/tpn-28510.docx 32.Mirtallo J., C.T., Johnson D., Kumpf V., Petersen C. et al, Safepractices for parenteral nutrition. 2004. 33.Boullata, J.I., et al., A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: parente-ral nutrition ordering, order review, compounding, labeling,and dispensing. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2014. 38(3):p. 334-77. 34.Hoheim, D.F., et al., Clinical experience with three-in-one ad-mixtures administered peripherally. Nutrition in clinicalpractice: official publication of the American Society for Pa-renteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1990. 5(3): p. 118-122. 35.Isaacs, J., et al., Parenteral nutrition of adults with a 900 mil-liosmolar solution via peripheral veins. The American jour-nal of clinical nutrition, 1977. 30(4): p. 552-559. 36.MacKay, M., et al., Practice-based validation of calcium andphosphorus solubility limits for pediatric parenteral nutrition so-lutions. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 2011. 26(6): p. 708-713. 37.Brismar, B., et al., Reduction of catheter-associated throm-bosis in parenteral nutrition by intravenous heparin therapy.Archives of Surgery, 1982. 117(9): p. 1196-1199. 38.Driscoll, D.F., et al., Parenteral nutrient admixtures asdrug vehicles: theory and practice in the critical care setting.Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 1991. 25(3): p. 276-283. 39.Klerk, C.P., S.M. Smorenburg, and H.R. Büller, Thrombosisprophylaxis in patient populations with a central venous cat-heter: a systematic review. Archives of internal medicine, 2003.163(16): p. 1913-1921. 40.Rattenbury, J., et al., Identification of the cause of separati-on (creaming) of lipid emulsions in intravenous infusion. Jo-urnal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 1989.8(4): p. 491-495. 41.Raupp, P., et al., Incompatibility between fat emulsion and cal-cium plus heparin in parenteral nutrition of premature babi-es. The Lancet, 1988. 331(8587): p. 700. 42.Silvers, K. and C. Winterbourn, The destabilisation of total pa-renteral nutrition by heparin. How real is the problem? TheNew Zealand medical journal, 1997. 110(1053): p. 386-386. 43.Vasilakis, A. and K.N. Apelgren, Answering the fat emulsioncontamination question: three in one admixture vs conventio-nal total parenteral nutrition in a clinical setting. Journal ofParenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1988. 12(4): p. 356-359.44.Erdman, S.H., et al., Central line occlusion with three-in-onenutrition admixtures administered at home. Journal of Paren-teral and Enteral Nutrition, 1994. 18(2): p. 177-181. 45.Streng, W., H. Huber, and J. Carstensen, Relationship betwe-en osmolality and osmolarity. Journal of pharmaceutical sci-ences, 1978. 67(3): p. 384-386. 46.Klein, G.L., A.M. Leichtner, and M.B. Heyman, Aluminum inlarge and small volume parenterals used in total parenteralnutrition: Response to the Food and Drug Administration no-tice of proposed rule by the North American Society for Pe-diatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Journal of pediatricgastroenterology and nutrition, 1998. 27(4): p. 457-460. 47.Larchet, M., et al., Aluminium loading in children receivinglong-term parenteral nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 1990.9(2): p. 79-83. 48.Poole, R.L., et al., Aluminum content of parenteral nutrition inneonates: measured versus calculated levels. Journal of pedi-atric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2010. 50(2): p. 208-211. 49.Pontes-Arruda, A., et al., Influence of Parenteral Nutrition De-livery System on the Development of Bloodstream Infections inCritically Ill Patients An 53International, Multicenter, Prospec-tive, Open-Label, Controlled Study—EPICOS Study. Journalof Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2012. 36(5): p. 574-586. 50.Beecroft, C., H. Martin, and J. Puntis, How often do paren-teral nutrition prescriptions for thenewborn need to be indi-vidualized? Clinical Nutrition, 1999. 18(2): p. 83-85. 51.Kochevar, M., et al., ASPEN statement on parenteral nutri-tion standardization. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nut-rition, 2007. 31(5): p. 441-448. 52.Miller, S.J., Commercial premixed parenteral nutrition: is itright for your institution? Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 2009.24(4): p. 459-469.

Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme ve Tedavi Prensipleri

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 38 - 44, 30.03.2016

Abstract

Öz

Prematüre bebeklerde parenteral beslenme mümkün olan en kısa zamanda terci-hen ilk 24 saat içinde başlanmalıdır. Parenteral beslenme ile doğumdan sonra büyüme ve nörolojik gelişimin yakalanması amaçlanmaktadır. İlk gün yüksek aminoasit alımı iyi tolere edilir ve negatif nitrojen dengesinden korur. İntravenöz yağ emülsiyonları yüksek dansitelerinden dolayı iyi enerji kaynaklarıdır. Aynı zamanda santral sinir sistemi ve retinanın gelişimi  için gerekli olan esansiyel yağ asitlerini (EYA) içeririler. Prematüre bebeklerde glukoz metabolizmasına bağlı bozukluklar görülebilir. Hiperglisemi ve hipoglisemiye yatkınlık gösterirler. Doğumdan sonra geçiş periyodunda su ve elektrolit dengesi yakından izlenmelidir. Parenteral beslenme sıvıları kompleks içerikli sıvılardır. Uygulayıcıların yan etkiler, sıvıların içerikleri ve uygulama yolları (periferik ve santral yol) açısından eğitimli olmaları gerekmektedir.

References

  • Kaynaklar 1.De Curtis, M. and J. Rigo, The nutrition of preterm infants.Early human development, 2012. 88: p. S5-S7. 2.Ziegler, E.E., Meeting the nutritional needs of the low-birth-weight infant. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2011.58(Suppl. 1): p. 8-18. 3.Ehrenkranz, R.A., et al., Early nutrition mediates the influen-ce of severity of illness on extremely LBW infants. Pediatricresearch, 2011. 69(6): p. 522-529. 4.Martin, C.R., et al., Nutritional practices and growth velocityin the first month of life in extremely premature infants. Pe-diatrics, 2009. 124(2): p. 649-657. 5.Senterre, T. and J. Rigo, Reduction in postnatal cumulativenutritional deficit and improvement of growth in extremely pre-term infants. Acta Paediatrica, 2012. 101(2): p. e64-e70. 6.Ziegler, E.E., P.J. Thureen, and S.J. Carlson, Aggressive nut-rition of the very low birthweight infant. Clinics in perinato-logy, 2002. 29(2): p. 225-244. 7.Embleton, N.D., Optimal protein and energy intakes in preterminfants. Early human development, 2007. 83(12): p. 831-837. 8.te Braake, F.W., et al., Amino acid administration to prema-ture infants directly after birth. The Journal of pediatrics, 2005.147(4): p. 457-461. 9.Thureen, P.J., et al., Effect of low versus high intravenous ami-no acid intake on very low birth weight infants in the early neo-natal period. Pediatric research, 2003. 53(1): p. 24-32. 10.Bilgen C., K.N., Türkyılmaz H,, Prematüre ve hasta term be-beğin beslenmesi rehberi 2014. 11.Sunehag, A.L., et al., Gluconeogenesis in very low birth we-ight infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. Diabetes, 1999.48(4): p. 791-800. 12.Koletzko, B., et al., Guidelines on paediatric parenteral nut-rition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European So-ciety for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), suppor-ted by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR).Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2005. 41:p. S1-S4. 13.Porcelli Jr, P.J. and P.M. Sisk, Increased parenteral aminoacid administration to extremely low-birth-weight infants du-ring early postnatal life. Journal of pediatric gastroenterologyand nutrition, 2002. 34(2): p. 174-179. 14.Stephens, B.E., et al., First-week protein and energy intakesare associated with 18-month developmental outcomes in ext-remely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 2009. 123(5): p.1337-1343. 15.Valentine, C., et al., Early amino-acid administration impro-ves preterm infant weight. Journal of Perinatology, 2009. 29(6):p. 428-432. 16.Riskin, A., C. Hartman, and R. Shamir, Parenteral Nutritionin Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants. The Israel Medi-cal Association journal: IMAJ, 2015. 17(5): p. 310-315. 17.Gutcher, G.R. and P.M. Farrell, Intravenous infusion of lipidfor the prevention of essential fatty acid deficiency in prema-ture infants. The American journal of clinical nutrition,1991. 54(6): p. 1024-1028. 18.Weintraub, V., F.B. Mimouni, and S. Dollberg, Effect of birthweight and postnatal age upon resting energy expenditure inpreterm infants. American journal of perinatology, 2009. 26(3):p. 173-177. 19.Gura, K.M., et al., Safety and efficacy of a fish-oil–based fatemulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition–associatedliver disease. Pediatrics, 2008. 121(3): p. e678-e686. 20.Koletzko, B., Intravenous lipid emulsions for infants: when andwhich? The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012. 96(2):p. 225-226. 21.Vlaardingerbroek, H., et al., Parenteral lipid administrationto very-low-birth-weight infants—early introduction of lipidsand use of new lipid emulsions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012: p.ajcn. 040717. 22.Ogilvy-Stuart, A. and K. Beardsall, Management of hypergly-caemia in the preterm infant. Archives of Disease in Child-hood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 2010. 95(2): p. F126-F131. 23.Sinclair, J.C., M. Bottino, and R.M. Cowett, Interventions forprevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth we-ight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011. 10. 24.Bottino, M., R.M. Cowett, and J.C. Sinclair, Interventions fortreatment of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weightinfants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011. 10. 25.Kugelman, A. and M. Durand, A comprehensive approach tothe prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatric pul-monology, 2011. 46(12): p. 1153-1165. 26.Prestridge, L.L., et al., Effect of parenteral calcium and phosp-horus therapy on mineral retention and bone mineral contentin very low birth weight infants. The Journal of pediatrics, 1993.122(5): p. 761-768. 27.Darlow, B.A. and N. Austin, Selenium supplementation to pre-vent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates. Cochrane Da-tabase Syst Rev, 2003. 4. 28.Greene, H.L., et al., Guidelines for the use of vitamins, traceelements, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in infants andchildren receiving total parenteral nutrition: report of the Sub-committee on Pediatric Parenteral Nutrient Requirements fromthe Committee on Clinical Practice Issues of the American So-ciety for Clinical Nutrition. The American journal of clinicalnutrition, 1988. 48(5): p. 1324-1342. 29.Makhoul, I.R., et al., Selenium concentrations in maternal andumbilical cord blood at 24–42 weeks of gestation: basis foroptimization of selenium supplementation to premature infants.Clinical nutrition, 2004. 23(3): p. 373-381. 30.Boullata, J.I., et al., ASPEN Clinical Guidelines ParenteralNutrition Ordering, Order Review, Compounding, Labe-ling, and Dispensing. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nut-rition, 2014: p. 0148607114521833. 31.www.saglik.gov.tr/TR/dosya/1-66452/h/tpn-28510.docx 32.Mirtallo J., C.T., Johnson D., Kumpf V., Petersen C. et al, Safepractices for parenteral nutrition. 2004. 33.Boullata, J.I., et al., A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: parente-ral nutrition ordering, order review, compounding, labeling,and dispensing. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2014. 38(3):p. 334-77. 34.Hoheim, D.F., et al., Clinical experience with three-in-one ad-mixtures administered peripherally. Nutrition in clinicalpractice: official publication of the American Society for Pa-renteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1990. 5(3): p. 118-122. 35.Isaacs, J., et al., Parenteral nutrition of adults with a 900 mil-liosmolar solution via peripheral veins. The American jour-nal of clinical nutrition, 1977. 30(4): p. 552-559. 36.MacKay, M., et al., Practice-based validation of calcium andphosphorus solubility limits for pediatric parenteral nutrition so-lutions. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 2011. 26(6): p. 708-713. 37.Brismar, B., et al., Reduction of catheter-associated throm-bosis in parenteral nutrition by intravenous heparin therapy.Archives of Surgery, 1982. 117(9): p. 1196-1199. 38.Driscoll, D.F., et al., Parenteral nutrient admixtures asdrug vehicles: theory and practice in the critical care setting.Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 1991. 25(3): p. 276-283. 39.Klerk, C.P., S.M. Smorenburg, and H.R. Büller, Thrombosisprophylaxis in patient populations with a central venous cat-heter: a systematic review. Archives of internal medicine, 2003.163(16): p. 1913-1921. 40.Rattenbury, J., et al., Identification of the cause of separati-on (creaming) of lipid emulsions in intravenous infusion. Jo-urnal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 1989.8(4): p. 491-495. 41.Raupp, P., et al., Incompatibility between fat emulsion and cal-cium plus heparin in parenteral nutrition of premature babi-es. The Lancet, 1988. 331(8587): p. 700. 42.Silvers, K. and C. Winterbourn, The destabilisation of total pa-renteral nutrition by heparin. How real is the problem? TheNew Zealand medical journal, 1997. 110(1053): p. 386-386. 43.Vasilakis, A. and K.N. Apelgren, Answering the fat emulsioncontamination question: three in one admixture vs conventio-nal total parenteral nutrition in a clinical setting. Journal ofParenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1988. 12(4): p. 356-359.44.Erdman, S.H., et al., Central line occlusion with three-in-onenutrition admixtures administered at home. Journal of Paren-teral and Enteral Nutrition, 1994. 18(2): p. 177-181. 45.Streng, W., H. Huber, and J. Carstensen, Relationship betwe-en osmolality and osmolarity. Journal of pharmaceutical sci-ences, 1978. 67(3): p. 384-386. 46.Klein, G.L., A.M. Leichtner, and M.B. Heyman, Aluminum inlarge and small volume parenterals used in total parenteralnutrition: Response to the Food and Drug Administration no-tice of proposed rule by the North American Society for Pe-diatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Journal of pediatricgastroenterology and nutrition, 1998. 27(4): p. 457-460. 47.Larchet, M., et al., Aluminium loading in children receivinglong-term parenteral nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 1990.9(2): p. 79-83. 48.Poole, R.L., et al., Aluminum content of parenteral nutrition inneonates: measured versus calculated levels. Journal of pedi-atric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2010. 50(2): p. 208-211. 49.Pontes-Arruda, A., et al., Influence of Parenteral Nutrition De-livery System on the Development of Bloodstream Infections inCritically Ill Patients An 53International, Multicenter, Prospec-tive, Open-Label, Controlled Study—EPICOS Study. Journalof Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2012. 36(5): p. 574-586. 50.Beecroft, C., H. Martin, and J. Puntis, How often do paren-teral nutrition prescriptions for thenewborn need to be indi-vidualized? Clinical Nutrition, 1999. 18(2): p. 83-85. 51.Kochevar, M., et al., ASPEN statement on parenteral nutri-tion standardization. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nut-rition, 2007. 31(5): p. 441-448. 52.Miller, S.J., Commercial premixed parenteral nutrition: is itright for your institution? Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 2009.24(4): p. 459-469.
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Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section makale
Authors

Uzm. Dr. Funda Yavanoğlu Atay This is me

Publication Date March 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

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APA Yavanoğlu Atay, U. D. F. (2016). Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme ve Tedavi Prensipleri. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, 8(2), 38-44.
AMA Yavanoğlu Atay UDF. Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme ve Tedavi Prensipleri. Pediatri. March 2016;8(2):38-44.
Chicago Yavanoğlu Atay, Uzm. Dr. Funda. “Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme Ve Tedavi Prensipleri”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8, no. 2 (March 2016): 38-44.
EndNote Yavanoğlu Atay UDF (March 1, 2016) Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme ve Tedavi Prensipleri. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8 2 38–44.
IEEE U. D. F. Yavanoğlu Atay, “Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme ve Tedavi Prensipleri”, Pediatri, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 38–44, 2016.
ISNAD Yavanoğlu Atay, Uzm. Dr. Funda. “Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme Ve Tedavi Prensipleri”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8/2 (March 2016), 38-44.
JAMA Yavanoğlu Atay UDF. Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme ve Tedavi Prensipleri. Pediatri. 2016;8:38–44.
MLA Yavanoğlu Atay, Uzm. Dr. Funda. “Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme Ve Tedavi Prensipleri”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 2, 2016, pp. 38-44.
Vancouver Yavanoğlu Atay UDF. Yenidoğan Bebekte Parenteral Beslenme ve Tedavi Prensipleri. Pediatri. 2016;8(2):38-44.