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Complementary Feeding

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 7 - 16, 21.01.2018

Abstract

Abstract

Complementary feeding is the supply of nutrients other than mother's milk or formula food to meet the nutritional requirements in the period. In other words, intake new nutrients suitable for the baby's age and development stages, nutrient diversity, providing balanced andadequate nutrition is to become selfsustaining. It is alsoreferred to as nutrient. In the second group is examined,specially prepared transitional foods for the dairy childand family meals consumed together. At the appropriate time, the appropriate complementary nutrition initiated by the baby ensures that the baby is able to consumefood at the age of one. For the first 6 months after birth, breast milk alone meets baby's energy and nutritional needs. However, after 6 months, the mother's milk cannotmeet the needs of the baby. For this reason, supplementation should be started in addition to the breastmilk after 6th month. When starting to supplement, the impor-tant thing is to start as soon as possible and be organizedas a meal that will be suitable for the baby's age, given the amount and type of food given, the food content mustmeet energy, protein, fat and micronutrient requirements, be reliable, clean and hygienic conditions prepared and enjoyed by the baby. Only breast feeders are recommended for babies as early as 4 months (17 weeks, beginning of the 5th month) and 6 months (26th week, beginning of the 7th month). Complementary feeding (allsolid or liquid food except breast milk or formula) should not be started after 4th or 5th month. Beginning in vegetable roots using all green vegetables, including bittertastes, prepared in various flavors and shapes, can be tried as an intermediate step in the transition to solid food.Complementary foods should be used between 4 and 6months for introduction, never main course. An increa-se in the amount of complementary food can reduce theamount of breastfeeding. Honey and cow milk are not recommended before 1 year old. Allergen foods should not be tasted 4 monthsago, it is suggested that foods with high allergy risk, es-pecially nuts and egg should be given between 4 and 11months under the control of allergy specialists. Gluten-containing foods can be started between 4 and 12months, but it is recommended that gluten content is notgiven in the first weeks. Starting glutenin 4th before theonset increases celiac risk. As the content of iron in themother's milk decreases, the nutritional content of the supp-lemental food should be supplemented with iron-containing foods or meat. Vegan diets can only be administered under the supervision of specialists and dietitians. Sugar and salt should not be added at all. Fruit juices or sugar-sweetened beverages should be avoided. The time ofthe family should adjust to the hunger and satiety of their parents.

References

  • Kaynaklar 1.WHO (World Health Organization). 2002 Complementary fee-ding, Report of the Global Consultation. Geneva, 10-13 De-cember 2001. Summary of Guiding Principles. Accessed March11, 2016. 2.Kramer MS, Kakuma R. The optimal duration of exclusive bre-astfeeding; a systematic review. Geneva. World Health Or-ganization 2002. 3.WHO. Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for text-books for medical students and allied health professionals. Ge-neva. World Health Organization, 2009. 4.World Health Organization (WHO). 2002. 55th World HealthAssembly. Infant and Young Child Nutrition (WHA55.25). Ac-cessed March 11, 2016. 5.Agostoni C, Decsi T, Fewtrell M, et al. ESPGHAN Commi-tee on Nutrition, Complementary Feeding: a commentary bythe ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroen-terol Nutrition 2008; 46: 99-110. 6.EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies(NDA) Scientific opinion on the appropriate age for introduc-tion of complementary feeding of infants. EFSA J 2009; 7: 1423. 7.Committee on Nutrition American Academy of Pediatrics. Comple-mentary feeding. In: Kleinman RE, (ed). Pediatric Nutrition Hand-book, 6th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009: 113-30. 8.Fewtrell M, Bronksky J, Campoy C, et al. Complementary fee-ding: a position paper by the European Society for Paediat-ric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committeeon nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64: 119-32. 9.Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW, et al. Infant growth and healthoutcomes associated with 3 compared with 6 mo of exclusi-ve breastfeeding. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 291-95. 10.Swedish National food Agency. Good food for infants underone year. Accessed March 11, 2016. 11.Lanting CI, Heerdink-Obenhujsen HLL, Schuit-van Raams-donk EMM, et al. JGZ-Richtling Voeding en Eetgedrag. Ne-derlands Centrum jeugdgezondheid, Utrecht 2013. 12.Mehta K, Specker B, Bartholmey S, et al. Trial on timing ofintroduction to solids and food type on infant growth. Pedi-atrics 1998; 102: 569-73. 13.EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific opinion on nutrient requirementsand dietary intakes of infants and young children in the Eu-ropean Union. EFSA J 2013; 11: 3408. 14.Kersting M. Nutrition of the healthy infant–food and meal re-lated recommendations. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 2001;149: 4-10. 15.Naylor AJ, Morrow A, editors. Developmental Readiness ofNormal Full Term Infants to Progress from Exclusive Breast-feeding to the Introduction of Complementary Foods: Revi-ews of the Relevant Literature Concerning Infant Immunolo-gic, Gastrointestinal, Oral Motor and Maternal Reproducti-ve and Lactational Development. Washington, DC: Weells-tart International and the LINKAGES Project/Academy forEducational Development; 2001. Accessed March 11.2016. 16.Mihatsch W, Braegger C, Bronsky J, et al. Prevention of vi-tamin K deficiency bleeding in newborn infants: a position pa-per by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gas-troenterol Nutr 2016; 63: 123-29. 17.Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, et al. ESPGHAN Commit-tee on Nutrition. Vitamin D in the healthy European paediat-ric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56: 692-701. 18.WHO. Guiding principles for feeding non breastfed children6-24 months of age. WHO Press, World Health Organizati-on, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005: 1-42. 19.Daelmans B, Martines J, Saadeh R. Special issue based on aWorld Health Organization expert consultation on complemen-tary feeding. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2003; 24: 1-44. 20.Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, et al. Effects of age of in-troduction of complementary foods on iron status breastfedinfants in Honduras. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 878-84. 21.Jonsdottir OH, Thorsdottir I, Hibberd PL, et al. Timing of theintroduction of complementary foods in infancy: a randomi-zed controlled trail. Pediatrics 2012; 130: 1038-45. 22.Domellöf M, Braegger C, Campoy C, et al. ESPGHANCommittee on Nutrition. Iron requirements of infants and todd-lers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58: 119-29. 23.EFSA NDA Panel, Scientific opinion on nutrient requirementsand dietary intakes of infants and young children in Europe-an Union. EFSA J 2013; 11: 3408. 24.Monterio PO, Victoria CG. Rapid growth in infancy and child-hood and obesity in later life: a systematic review. Obes Rev2005; 6: 143-54. 25.Ong K, Loos R. Rapid infancy weight gain and subsequent obe-sity –systematic reviews and hopeful suggestion. Acta Paedi-atr 2006; 95: 904-908. 26.Hörnell A, Lagström H, Lande B, et al. Protein intake from0 to 18 years of age and its relation to health: a systematicreview for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. FoodNutr Res 2013: 57. 27.EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific opinion on the essential compo-sition of infant and follow –on formulae. EFSA J 2014; 12:3760. 28.Hopkins D, Steer CD, Northstone K, et al. Effects on child-hood body habitus of feeding large volumes of cow or formu-la milk compared with breastfeeding in the latter part of in-fancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 1096-103. 29.Morgan J, Taylor A, Fewtrell MS. Meat consumption is po-sitively associated with psychomotor outcome in children upto 24 months of age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39:493-98. 30.Krebs NF. Meat as first complementary food for breastfed in-fants: feasibility and impact on zinc intake and status. J Pe-diatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 207-14. 31.Harslof LB, Larsen LH, Ritz C, et al. FADS genotype and dietare important determinants of DHA status: a cross-sectionalstudy in Danish infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 1403-10. 32.Makrides M, Hawkes JS, Neumann MA, et al. Nutritional ef-fect of including egg yolk in the weaning diet of breast-fed andformula-fed infants: a randomised clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr2002; 75: 1084-92. 33.Birch EE, Hoffman DR, Castaneda YS, et al. A randomizedcontrolled trial of long-chain polyunsatured fatty acid supp-lementation of formula in term infants after weaning at 6 wkof age. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 570-80. 34.Hoffman DR, Birch EE, Castenada YS, et al. Visual functionin breastfed term infants weaned to formula with or withoutlong-chain polyunsaturates at 4 to 6 months; a randomizedclinical trial. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 669-77. 35.Mennella JA. Ontogeny of taste preferences: basic biology andimplications for health. Am Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 704S-711. 36.Nehring I, Kostka T, Von Kries R, et al. Impacts of in uteroand early infant taste experiences on later taste acceptance:a systematic review. J Nutr 2015; 145: 1271-79. 37.Remy E, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, et al. Repeated exposureof infants at complementary feeding to a vegetable puree in-creases acceptance as effectively as flavour –flavour learningand more effectively than flavour-nutrient learning. J Nutr2013; 143: 1194-200. 38.Cameron SL, Health ALM, Taylor RW. How feasible is baby-led weaning as an approach to infant feeding: a review of theevidence. Nutrients 2012; 4: 1575-609. 39.Cameron SL, Taylor RW, Health ALM. Development and pi-lot testing of baby-led introduction to solids-a version of baby-led weaning modified to address concerns about iron deficiency,growth faltering and choking. BMC Pediatr 2015; 57: 826-31. 40.WHO Complementary Feeding: Family foods for breastfedchildren. France: FSG MediMedia Ltd; 2000: 1-51. 41.Demirci M, Gündüz H. Süt Teknoloğunun El Kitabı, Hasad Ya-yınevi, 1991. 42.Kurt A, Çakmakçı S, Çağlar A. Süt ve mamülleri muayene veanaliz metodları rehberi. Atatürk Üniversitesi 1993; 5: 252. 43.Gönç S. Yoğurtta fermentasyon, aroma maddeleri oluşumu vesoğutmanın önemi. 3.Milli Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Sempozyumu,İstanbul, 1994. 44.F Bransa and L Rossi, European journal of Clinical Nutri-tion (2002) 56, Suppl 4, 15-20. 45.Anonim, 2001. Türk Gıda Kodeksi, T.C.Resmi Gazete, Ankara. 46.Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW; American Academy of Pe-diatrics Committee on Nutrition; American Academy of Pe-diatrics Section on Allergy and Immunology. Effects of earlynutrional interventions on the development of atopic diseasein infants and children: the role of maternal diet restriction,breastfeeding, timing of introduction complementary foods,and hydrolyzed formula. Pediatrics 2008; 121: 183-91. 47.Krasevec J, et al. Age-appropriate complementary feeding prac-tices are far from optimal among low and middle-income co-untries. Matern Child Nutr 2017; 13: 2. 49.Du Toit G, Katz Y, Sasieni P, et al. Early consumption of pea-nuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanutallergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122: 984-91. 50.Muraro A, Halken S, Arshad SH, et al, EAACI Food Allergyand Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group. EAACI food allergy andanaphylaxis guidelines. Primary prevention of food allergy.Allergy 2014; 69: 590-601. 51.Vriezinga SL, Auricchio R, Bravi E, et al. Randomized feedingintervention in infants at high risk for celiac disease. N EnglJ Med 2014; 371: 1304-15. 52.Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, et al. Introductionof gluten, HLA status and the risk of celiac disease in child-ren. NEJM 2014; 371: 1295. 53.Szajewska H, Shamir R, Chmielewska A, et al. PREVENTCDStudy Group. Systematic review with meta-analysis: early in-fant feeding and coeliac disease-update 2015. Aliment Phar-macol Ther 2015; 41: 1038- 54.4.Piescik-Lech M, Chmielewska A, Shamir R, et al. Systematicreview: early infant feeding and the risk of type 1 diabetes. JPediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016. 55.Cohen RJ, Brown KH. Determinants of growth from birth to12 months among breast-fed Honduras infants in relation toage of introduction of complementary foods. Pediatrics1995; 96: 504-10. 56.Daniels L, Mallan KM, Fildes A, et al. The timing of solid in-troduction in an “obesogenic” environment: a narrative re-view of the evidence and methodological issues. Aust NZ J Pub-lic Health 2015; 39: 366-73. 57.Damsgaard CT, Schack-Neilsen L, Michaelsen KF, et al. Fishoil affects blood pressure and the plasma lipid profile in he-althy Danish infants. J Nutr 2006; 136: 94-99. 58.Golley RK, Smithers LG, Mittinity MN, et al. Diet quality ofUK infants is associated with dietary, adiposity, cardiovas-cular and cognitive outcomes measured at 7-8 years of age.J Nutr 2013; 143: 1611-17. 59.Smithers LG, Golley RK, Mittinity MN, et al. Dietary patternsat 6, 15 and 24 months of age are associated with IQ at 8 ye-ars of age. Eur J Epidemiol 2012; 27: 525-35. 60.Nyardi A, Li J, Foster JK, et al. Good-quality diet in the earlyyears may have a positive effect on academic achievement. ActaPaediatr 2016; 105: e209-18. 61.Selimoğlu MA. Sağlıkta ve Hastalıkta Çocuk Beslenmesi. Aka-demi Yayınevi, 2014; 55-62. 62.Köksal G. Tamamlayıcı Beslenme. Klinik Tıp Dergisi 2015;7: 35-39. 63.DiMaggio D, Cox A, Porto AF. Updates in infant nutrition.Pediatrics in review 2017; 38: 449-60. 64.Durak Y, Keleş F. Konya yöresi taze ev yapımı yoğurtlu mik-robiyolojik özelliklerinin araştırılması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Zi-raat Fakültesi Dergisi 2008; 22: 113-17. 65.Yalçın S. Tamamlayıcı Beslenme, İlk Beş Yaşta Çocuk Sağlı-ğı İzlemi. Sosyal Pediatri Derneği Yayınları, 2017: 295-309. 66.Qawasmi A, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Bloch M. et al.Meta-analysis of LPUFA Supplementation of infant Formu-la and visual acuity. Pediatrics 2013; 131: e262-e272. 67.Chatchatee P, Lee WS, Carrilho E, et al. Effects of growing-up milk supplemented with prebiotics and LCPUFAs on in-fections in young children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014;58: 428-37. 68.Cuello Garcia CA, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, et al. World AllergyOrganization-McMaster University Guidelines for Allergic Di-sease Prevention (GLAD-P): Prebiotics 2016; 1: 9-10.

Tamamlayıcı Beslenme

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 7 - 16, 21.01.2018

Abstract

Öz

Tamamlayıcı beslenme tek başına anne sütünün yetmediği dönemde besinsel gereksinimleri karşılamak için anne sütü ile birlikte anne sütü veya formül mama dışında gıdaların verilmesidir. Bir başka deyişle, emzirilen bebeğin yaşına ve gelişim basamaklarına uygun yeni besin maddelerini alması, besin madde çeşitliliği, dengeli ve yeterli beslenmenin sağlanması, kendi kendini besleyebilir hale gelmesi demektir. Ek besin olarak da adlandırılır. İki grupta incelenir; sütçocuğu için özel hazırlanmış geçiş besinleri ve birlikte tükettiği aile yemekleri. Uygun zamanda başlatılan veuygun şekilde verilen tamamlayıcı beslenme bebeğin bir yaşında aile sofrasında yiyecekleri tüketebilecek olgunluğa ulaşmasını sağlamaktadır. Doğumdan itibaren ilk 6 ay anne sütü tek başına bebeğin enerji ve besin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaktadır. Ancak 6 aydan sonra anne sütü bebeğin gereksinimlerini karşılayamamaktadır. Bu nedenle 6.aydan sonra anne sütüne ek olarak tamamlayıcı beslenmeye başlanmalıdır.Tamamlayıcı beslenmeye başlarken önemli olan uygun zamanda başlanmalı, miktarı ve verilme şekli bebeğin yaşına uygun seçilmeli, besin içeriği enerji, protein, yağ ve mikrobesin gereksinimini karşılayabilmeli, güvenilir olmalı, temiz ve hijyenik koşullarda hazırlanmalı ve bebeğin keyif alacağı bir öğünü olarak düzenlenmelidir. Sadece anne sütü alanlar bebeklerde en erken 4 ay (17 hafta, 5.ayın başlangıcı) ve 6 ay(26.hafta, 7.ayın başlangıcı) olarak önerilmektedir. Tamamlayıcı gıdanın (anne sütüveya formül mama hariç tüm katı veya sıvı gıda) 4.aydan önce veya 6.aydan sonrabaşlanmaması gerekmektedir. Besin seçiminin ise çeşitli tat ve şekillerde hazırlanmalı, acımtırak tatlar dahil tüm yeşil sebzeler kullanılarak sebze püresi şeklinde başlanması bebeğin katı gıdaya geçişinde ara basamak olarak denenebilir. Tamamlayıcı gıdalar 4 ile 6 ay arasında ise tanıştırma amaçlı kullanılmalı, asla ana öğün olmamalıdır. Tamamlayıcı gıda miktarının artması anne sütü verilme miktarını azaltabilir. Bal ve inek sütü 1 yaşından önce önerilmemektedir. Alerjen gıdalar ise 4 aydanönce tattırılmamalıdır. Yüksek alerji riski olan gıdaların özellikle fıstığın, yumurtanın alerji uzmanlarının kontrolü altında 4 ile 11 ay arasında verilmesi önerilmektedir. Gluten içeren gıdalar 4 ve 12. ay arasında başlanabilir, ancak ilk haftalarında glu-ten içeriğinin fazla miktarda verilmemesi önerilmektedir. Glutenin 4.aydan önce başanması Çölyak riskini arttırmaktadır. Anne sütündeki de-mir içeriği azaldığından tamamlayıcı gıdanın besin içeriği demir içerikli gıdalarla veya etle desteklenmelidir. Vegan diyetler sadece uzmanlar ve diyetisyenler kontrolünde uygulanabilir. Şeker ve tuz kesinlikle eklenmemelidir.Meyve suları ve şekerli gıdalarda uzak durulmalıdır. Beslenme zamanını aileler bebeklerinin açlık ve tokluk durumuna göre ayarlamalıdır.

References

  • Kaynaklar 1.WHO (World Health Organization). 2002 Complementary fee-ding, Report of the Global Consultation. Geneva, 10-13 De-cember 2001. Summary of Guiding Principles. Accessed March11, 2016. 2.Kramer MS, Kakuma R. The optimal duration of exclusive bre-astfeeding; a systematic review. Geneva. World Health Or-ganization 2002. 3.WHO. Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for text-books for medical students and allied health professionals. Ge-neva. World Health Organization, 2009. 4.World Health Organization (WHO). 2002. 55th World HealthAssembly. Infant and Young Child Nutrition (WHA55.25). Ac-cessed March 11, 2016. 5.Agostoni C, Decsi T, Fewtrell M, et al. ESPGHAN Commi-tee on Nutrition, Complementary Feeding: a commentary bythe ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroen-terol Nutrition 2008; 46: 99-110. 6.EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies(NDA) Scientific opinion on the appropriate age for introduc-tion of complementary feeding of infants. EFSA J 2009; 7: 1423. 7.Committee on Nutrition American Academy of Pediatrics. Comple-mentary feeding. In: Kleinman RE, (ed). Pediatric Nutrition Hand-book, 6th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009: 113-30. 8.Fewtrell M, Bronksky J, Campoy C, et al. Complementary fee-ding: a position paper by the European Society for Paediat-ric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committeeon nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64: 119-32. 9.Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW, et al. Infant growth and healthoutcomes associated with 3 compared with 6 mo of exclusi-ve breastfeeding. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 291-95. 10.Swedish National food Agency. Good food for infants underone year. Accessed March 11, 2016. 11.Lanting CI, Heerdink-Obenhujsen HLL, Schuit-van Raams-donk EMM, et al. JGZ-Richtling Voeding en Eetgedrag. Ne-derlands Centrum jeugdgezondheid, Utrecht 2013. 12.Mehta K, Specker B, Bartholmey S, et al. Trial on timing ofintroduction to solids and food type on infant growth. Pedi-atrics 1998; 102: 569-73. 13.EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific opinion on nutrient requirementsand dietary intakes of infants and young children in the Eu-ropean Union. EFSA J 2013; 11: 3408. 14.Kersting M. Nutrition of the healthy infant–food and meal re-lated recommendations. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 2001;149: 4-10. 15.Naylor AJ, Morrow A, editors. Developmental Readiness ofNormal Full Term Infants to Progress from Exclusive Breast-feeding to the Introduction of Complementary Foods: Revi-ews of the Relevant Literature Concerning Infant Immunolo-gic, Gastrointestinal, Oral Motor and Maternal Reproducti-ve and Lactational Development. Washington, DC: Weells-tart International and the LINKAGES Project/Academy forEducational Development; 2001. Accessed March 11.2016. 16.Mihatsch W, Braegger C, Bronsky J, et al. Prevention of vi-tamin K deficiency bleeding in newborn infants: a position pa-per by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gas-troenterol Nutr 2016; 63: 123-29. 17.Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, et al. ESPGHAN Commit-tee on Nutrition. Vitamin D in the healthy European paediat-ric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56: 692-701. 18.WHO. Guiding principles for feeding non breastfed children6-24 months of age. WHO Press, World Health Organizati-on, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005: 1-42. 19.Daelmans B, Martines J, Saadeh R. Special issue based on aWorld Health Organization expert consultation on complemen-tary feeding. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2003; 24: 1-44. 20.Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, et al. Effects of age of in-troduction of complementary foods on iron status breastfedinfants in Honduras. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 878-84. 21.Jonsdottir OH, Thorsdottir I, Hibberd PL, et al. Timing of theintroduction of complementary foods in infancy: a randomi-zed controlled trail. Pediatrics 2012; 130: 1038-45. 22.Domellöf M, Braegger C, Campoy C, et al. ESPGHANCommittee on Nutrition. Iron requirements of infants and todd-lers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58: 119-29. 23.EFSA NDA Panel, Scientific opinion on nutrient requirementsand dietary intakes of infants and young children in Europe-an Union. EFSA J 2013; 11: 3408. 24.Monterio PO, Victoria CG. Rapid growth in infancy and child-hood and obesity in later life: a systematic review. Obes Rev2005; 6: 143-54. 25.Ong K, Loos R. Rapid infancy weight gain and subsequent obe-sity –systematic reviews and hopeful suggestion. Acta Paedi-atr 2006; 95: 904-908. 26.Hörnell A, Lagström H, Lande B, et al. Protein intake from0 to 18 years of age and its relation to health: a systematicreview for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. FoodNutr Res 2013: 57. 27.EFSA NDA Panel. Scientific opinion on the essential compo-sition of infant and follow –on formulae. EFSA J 2014; 12:3760. 28.Hopkins D, Steer CD, Northstone K, et al. Effects on child-hood body habitus of feeding large volumes of cow or formu-la milk compared with breastfeeding in the latter part of in-fancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 1096-103. 29.Morgan J, Taylor A, Fewtrell MS. Meat consumption is po-sitively associated with psychomotor outcome in children upto 24 months of age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39:493-98. 30.Krebs NF. Meat as first complementary food for breastfed in-fants: feasibility and impact on zinc intake and status. J Pe-diatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 207-14. 31.Harslof LB, Larsen LH, Ritz C, et al. FADS genotype and dietare important determinants of DHA status: a cross-sectionalstudy in Danish infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 1403-10. 32.Makrides M, Hawkes JS, Neumann MA, et al. Nutritional ef-fect of including egg yolk in the weaning diet of breast-fed andformula-fed infants: a randomised clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr2002; 75: 1084-92. 33.Birch EE, Hoffman DR, Castaneda YS, et al. A randomizedcontrolled trial of long-chain polyunsatured fatty acid supp-lementation of formula in term infants after weaning at 6 wkof age. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 570-80. 34.Hoffman DR, Birch EE, Castenada YS, et al. Visual functionin breastfed term infants weaned to formula with or withoutlong-chain polyunsaturates at 4 to 6 months; a randomizedclinical trial. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 669-77. 35.Mennella JA. Ontogeny of taste preferences: basic biology andimplications for health. Am Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 704S-711. 36.Nehring I, Kostka T, Von Kries R, et al. Impacts of in uteroand early infant taste experiences on later taste acceptance:a systematic review. J Nutr 2015; 145: 1271-79. 37.Remy E, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, et al. Repeated exposureof infants at complementary feeding to a vegetable puree in-creases acceptance as effectively as flavour –flavour learningand more effectively than flavour-nutrient learning. J Nutr2013; 143: 1194-200. 38.Cameron SL, Health ALM, Taylor RW. How feasible is baby-led weaning as an approach to infant feeding: a review of theevidence. Nutrients 2012; 4: 1575-609. 39.Cameron SL, Taylor RW, Health ALM. Development and pi-lot testing of baby-led introduction to solids-a version of baby-led weaning modified to address concerns about iron deficiency,growth faltering and choking. BMC Pediatr 2015; 57: 826-31. 40.WHO Complementary Feeding: Family foods for breastfedchildren. France: FSG MediMedia Ltd; 2000: 1-51. 41.Demirci M, Gündüz H. Süt Teknoloğunun El Kitabı, Hasad Ya-yınevi, 1991. 42.Kurt A, Çakmakçı S, Çağlar A. Süt ve mamülleri muayene veanaliz metodları rehberi. Atatürk Üniversitesi 1993; 5: 252. 43.Gönç S. Yoğurtta fermentasyon, aroma maddeleri oluşumu vesoğutmanın önemi. 3.Milli Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Sempozyumu,İstanbul, 1994. 44.F Bransa and L Rossi, European journal of Clinical Nutri-tion (2002) 56, Suppl 4, 15-20. 45.Anonim, 2001. Türk Gıda Kodeksi, T.C.Resmi Gazete, Ankara. 46.Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW; American Academy of Pe-diatrics Committee on Nutrition; American Academy of Pe-diatrics Section on Allergy and Immunology. Effects of earlynutrional interventions on the development of atopic diseasein infants and children: the role of maternal diet restriction,breastfeeding, timing of introduction complementary foods,and hydrolyzed formula. Pediatrics 2008; 121: 183-91. 47.Krasevec J, et al. Age-appropriate complementary feeding prac-tices are far from optimal among low and middle-income co-untries. Matern Child Nutr 2017; 13: 2. 49.Du Toit G, Katz Y, Sasieni P, et al. Early consumption of pea-nuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanutallergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122: 984-91. 50.Muraro A, Halken S, Arshad SH, et al, EAACI Food Allergyand Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group. EAACI food allergy andanaphylaxis guidelines. 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Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section makale
Authors

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Banu Yazıcı This is me

Publication Date January 21, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

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APA Yazıcı, Y. D. D. B. (2018). Tamamlayıcı Beslenme. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, 10(1), 7-16.
AMA Yazıcı YDDB. Tamamlayıcı Beslenme. Pediatri. January 2018;10(1):7-16.
Chicago Yazıcı, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Banu. “Tamamlayıcı Beslenme”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 7-16.
EndNote Yazıcı YDDB (January 1, 2018) Tamamlayıcı Beslenme. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 10 1 7–16.
IEEE Y. D. D. B. Yazıcı, “Tamamlayıcı Beslenme”, Pediatri, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 7–16, 2018.
ISNAD Yazıcı, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Banu. “Tamamlayıcı Beslenme”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 10/1 (January 2018), 7-16.
JAMA Yazıcı YDDB. Tamamlayıcı Beslenme. Pediatri. 2018;10:7–16.
MLA Yazıcı, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Banu. “Tamamlayıcı Beslenme”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 1, 2018, pp. 7-16.
Vancouver Yazıcı YDDB. Tamamlayıcı Beslenme. Pediatri. 2018;10(1):7-16.