Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Kızamık Enfeksiyonu ve Korunma

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 5 - 12, 01.02.2020

Beyhan Bülbül Mustafa Hacımustafaoğlu

Abstract

Kızamık en bulaşıcı hastalıklardan biridir, kızamık virusuyla temas eden bireylerin yaklaşık %90’ı enfekte olur. İndeks olgu sonrası bu olgudan bulaştırılan kişi sayısı 12-18 olarak tahmin edilmektedir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kızamık olan çocukların yaklaşık %1’i hastalık veya komplikasyonlarından kaybedilir. Dünyada aşılamaya bağlı olarak sadece 2000 yılından sonra kızamık ölümlerinde %80 azalma olmuş
ve aşıya bağlı olarak 21 milyondan fazla ölüm önlenebilmiştir. Ancak değişik nedenlere bağlı olarak günümüzde kızamık vakalarında artışlar hatta salgınlar görülebilmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün (DSÖ) değerlendirmesine göre; son 2 yılda dünyada
toplam kızamık olgularında giderek artış olduğu ve 2019’da bir önceki yıla göre bildirilen olgu sayılarında genelde ortalama %300 artış olduğu belirtilmektedir. Ülkemizde yüksek aşılanma oranlarına (>%95) bağlı olarak DSÖ Avrupa bölgesinin 2006
yılından sonra kızamık hastalığı insidansının en düşük olduğu ülkeler arasında yer almıştır. Ancak DSÖ nün dünya genelinde belirttiği eğilime paralel olarak 2018 2019
arasında yaklaşık 4 kat artış göstermiştir. Ülkemizde son 2 yılda kızamık olgularının
yarıdan fazlası <5 yaş altında (çoğu <1 yaş olmak üzere) saptanmıştır.
Klinik bulgular arasında yüksek ateş, öksürük, nezle ve konjunktivit ve ardından
döküntü sayılabilir. Kızamığın spesifik rutin bir antiviral tedavisi yoktur. Tedavi destekleyici ve semptomatiktir. Ancak bakteriyel bir komplikasyon geliştiyse antibiyotik verilebilir. Kızamık aşısı korunmada en etkin yoldur. On iki aydan sonra 1. doz
ve 4-6 yaşlarında 2. doz olmak üzere 2 doz aşılama önerilir. Bireysel korunmanın yanı
sıra etkili bir toplumsal bağışıklık ve salgınları önlemek için aşı kapsama oranının %95’in
üzerinde olması önerilir. Kızamık çok bulaşıcı bir virus olduğundan gelişmiş ülkelerde bile aşılanma oranlarında azalma salgınlara ve hatta ölümlere yol açabilir. Bu nedenle bireysel ve toplumsal korunma için yüksek aşılanma oranlarına ulaşılması çok
önemlidir

Keywords

Kızamık aşı korunma çocuklar

References

  • 1. www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/measles/globalmeaslesoutbreaks.ht, Erişim tarihi: 2 Şubat 2020.
  • 2. www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html. Erişim Tarihi: 27 Aralık 2020.
  • 3. www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/measles-data-2019/en/, Erişim tarihi: 5 Şubat 2020.
  • 4. www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-11-2018-measles-casesspike-globally-due-to-gaps-in-vaccination-coverage, Erişim tarihi: 5 Şubat 2020.
  • 5. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2014. http://ekutuphane.sagem.gov.tr/kitaplar/saglik_istatistikleri_yilligi_2014.pdf. Erişim tarihi: Ağustos 2016.
  • 6. www.who.int/immunisation/monitoring_surveillence/burden, Erişim tarihi: 22 Ocak 2020.
  • 7. www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/massimmunization, Erişim tarihi: 11 Şubat 2020.
  • 8. Fine P . Herd immunity: History,theory,practice. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15 (2):265-302.
  • 9. WHO. Measles vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009; 84(35): 349-60.
  • 10. Caceres VM, Strebel PM, Sutter RW. Factors determining prevalence of maternal antibody to MV throughout infancy: a review. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 110–9.
  • 11. Measles update 2009. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (The Immunological basis for immunization series). (http://www. who.int/immunization/documents/ ISBN9789241 597555/en/index.html).
  • 12. Redd SC, King GE, Heath JL, et al. Comparison of vaccination with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at 9, 12, and 15 months of age. J Infect Dis 2004; 189 (Suppl 1): 116-22.
  • 13. Paunio M et al. IgG avidity to distinguish secondary from primary measles vaccination failures: prospects for a more effective global measles elimination strategy. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2003, 4:1215–1225.
  • 14. Watson JC, Pearson JA, Markowitz LE, et al. An evaluation of measles revaccination among school-entry-aged children. Pediatrics 1996; 97: 613-8.
  • 15. Beeler J, Varricchio F, Wise R. Thrombocytopenia after immunization with measles vaccines: review of the vaccine adverse events reporting system (1990 to 1994). Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1996, 15:88–90.
  • 16. Zipprich J, Winter K, Hacker J, et al. Measles outbreak--California, December 2014-February 2015.
  • 17. Gahr P, DeVries AS, Wallace G, et al. An outbreak of measles in an undervaccinated community. Pediatrics 2014; 134: 220-8.
  • 18. McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices(ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2013; 62: 1-34.
  • 19. American Academy of Pediatrics. Measles. In: Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 30th ed, Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS (Eds), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2015. p.535-547.
  • 20. Katz SL. Measles (Rubeola). In: Krugman's Infectious Diseases of Children, 11th ed, Gershon AA, Hotez PJ, Katz SL (Eds), Mosby, Philadelphia 2004. p.353-71.
  • 21. Zepp F, Behre U, Kindler K, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine coadministered with a booster dose of a combined diphtheriatetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirusHaemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in healthy children aged 12-23 months. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166: 857-64.
  • 22. Black SB, Cimino CO, Hansen J, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella, varicella and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines administered concurrently with a fourth dose of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared with the vaccines administered without heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25(4): 306-11.
  • 23. Parks CL, Lerch RA, Walpita P, Wang HP, Sidhu MS, Udem SA. Comparison of predicted amino acid sequences of measles virusstrainsin the Edmonston vaccine lineage. J Virol 2001; 75: 910-20.
  • 24. Drutz JE, Duryea TK, Edwards MS, Torchia MM (Eds). Measles, mumps, and rubella immunization in infants, children, and adolescents. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measlesmumps-and-rubella-immunization-in-infants-children-andadolescents. (Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2019).
  • 25. Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Price D. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (4): CD004407.
  • 26. Elliman D, Sengupta N, El Bashir H, Bedford H. Measles, mumps and rubella: prevention. BMJ Clin Evid 2007; 2007. pp: 0316.
  • 27. Duclos P, Ward BJ. Measles vaccines: a review of adverse events. Drug Safety 1998; 19: 435–54.
  • 28. Beeler J, Varricchio F, Wise R. Thrombocytopenia after immunization with measles vaccines: review of the vaccine adverse events reporting system (1990 to 1994). Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15: 88-90.
  • 29. Salisbury DM, Campbell H, Edwards B. Measles rubella immunisation campaign in England – one year on. London: Department of Health, 1995. 30. www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vsd/mmrv.htm. Erişim tarihi 12 Aralık 2019
  • 31. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. General recommendations on immunization recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2011; 60: 1-64.
  • 32. Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58: 44-100. 33. Kamboj M, Sepkowitz KA. Risk of transmission associated with live attenuated vaccines given to healthy persons caring for or residing with an immunocompromised patient. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 702-7.
  • 34. Department of Health and Human Services. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. . www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pe diatrics.pdf. Erişim Tarihi 20 Kasım 2013.
  • 35. WHO. Measles vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2004; 14: 130- 142.
  • 36. WHO. Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, report of meeting held 17-18 June 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009; 84(32): 325-32.
  • 37. The heterogeneity I2 value is defined as the proportion of the total variation in estimated risk ratios due to between-trial heterogeneity rather than to chance.
  • 38. Siber GR, Werner BG, Halsey NA, et al. Interference of immune globulin with measles and rubella immunization. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 204-11.
  • 39. American Academy of Pediatrics. Active immunization of people who recently received immune globulin and other blood products. In: Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 30th ed, Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS (Eds), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2015. p.38
  • 40. Priorix kısa ürün bilgisi, (KÜB, onay tarihi 06.12.2004).

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 5 - 12, 01.02.2020

Beyhan Bülbül Mustafa Hacımustafaoğlu

Abstract

References

  • 1. www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/measles/globalmeaslesoutbreaks.ht, Erişim tarihi: 2 Şubat 2020.
  • 2. www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html. Erişim Tarihi: 27 Aralık 2020.
  • 3. www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/measles-data-2019/en/, Erişim tarihi: 5 Şubat 2020.
  • 4. www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-11-2018-measles-casesspike-globally-due-to-gaps-in-vaccination-coverage, Erişim tarihi: 5 Şubat 2020.
  • 5. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2014. http://ekutuphane.sagem.gov.tr/kitaplar/saglik_istatistikleri_yilligi_2014.pdf. Erişim tarihi: Ağustos 2016.
  • 6. www.who.int/immunisation/monitoring_surveillence/burden, Erişim tarihi: 22 Ocak 2020.
  • 7. www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/massimmunization, Erişim tarihi: 11 Şubat 2020.
  • 8. Fine P . Herd immunity: History,theory,practice. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15 (2):265-302.
  • 9. WHO. Measles vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009; 84(35): 349-60.
  • 10. Caceres VM, Strebel PM, Sutter RW. Factors determining prevalence of maternal antibody to MV throughout infancy: a review. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 110–9.
  • 11. Measles update 2009. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (The Immunological basis for immunization series). (http://www. who.int/immunization/documents/ ISBN9789241 597555/en/index.html).
  • 12. Redd SC, King GE, Heath JL, et al. Comparison of vaccination with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at 9, 12, and 15 months of age. J Infect Dis 2004; 189 (Suppl 1): 116-22.
  • 13. Paunio M et al. IgG avidity to distinguish secondary from primary measles vaccination failures: prospects for a more effective global measles elimination strategy. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2003, 4:1215–1225.
  • 14. Watson JC, Pearson JA, Markowitz LE, et al. An evaluation of measles revaccination among school-entry-aged children. Pediatrics 1996; 97: 613-8.
  • 15. Beeler J, Varricchio F, Wise R. Thrombocytopenia after immunization with measles vaccines: review of the vaccine adverse events reporting system (1990 to 1994). Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1996, 15:88–90.
  • 16. Zipprich J, Winter K, Hacker J, et al. Measles outbreak--California, December 2014-February 2015.
  • 17. Gahr P, DeVries AS, Wallace G, et al. An outbreak of measles in an undervaccinated community. Pediatrics 2014; 134: 220-8.
  • 18. McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices(ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2013; 62: 1-34.
  • 19. American Academy of Pediatrics. Measles. In: Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 30th ed, Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS (Eds), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2015. p.535-547.
  • 20. Katz SL. Measles (Rubeola). In: Krugman's Infectious Diseases of Children, 11th ed, Gershon AA, Hotez PJ, Katz SL (Eds), Mosby, Philadelphia 2004. p.353-71.
  • 21. Zepp F, Behre U, Kindler K, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine coadministered with a booster dose of a combined diphtheriatetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirusHaemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in healthy children aged 12-23 months. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166: 857-64.
  • 22. Black SB, Cimino CO, Hansen J, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella, varicella and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines administered concurrently with a fourth dose of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared with the vaccines administered without heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25(4): 306-11.
  • 23. Parks CL, Lerch RA, Walpita P, Wang HP, Sidhu MS, Udem SA. Comparison of predicted amino acid sequences of measles virusstrainsin the Edmonston vaccine lineage. J Virol 2001; 75: 910-20.
  • 24. Drutz JE, Duryea TK, Edwards MS, Torchia MM (Eds). Measles, mumps, and rubella immunization in infants, children, and adolescents. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measlesmumps-and-rubella-immunization-in-infants-children-andadolescents. (Erişim tarihi: 17 Aralık 2019).
  • 25. Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Price D. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (4): CD004407.
  • 26. Elliman D, Sengupta N, El Bashir H, Bedford H. Measles, mumps and rubella: prevention. BMJ Clin Evid 2007; 2007. pp: 0316.
  • 27. Duclos P, Ward BJ. Measles vaccines: a review of adverse events. Drug Safety 1998; 19: 435–54.
  • 28. Beeler J, Varricchio F, Wise R. Thrombocytopenia after immunization with measles vaccines: review of the vaccine adverse events reporting system (1990 to 1994). Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15: 88-90.
  • 29. Salisbury DM, Campbell H, Edwards B. Measles rubella immunisation campaign in England – one year on. London: Department of Health, 1995. 30. www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vsd/mmrv.htm. Erişim tarihi 12 Aralık 2019
  • 31. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. General recommendations on immunization recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2011; 60: 1-64.
  • 32. Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58: 44-100. 33. Kamboj M, Sepkowitz KA. Risk of transmission associated with live attenuated vaccines given to healthy persons caring for or residing with an immunocompromised patient. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 702-7.
  • 34. Department of Health and Human Services. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. . www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pe diatrics.pdf. Erişim Tarihi 20 Kasım 2013.
  • 35. WHO. Measles vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2004; 14: 130- 142.
  • 36. WHO. Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, report of meeting held 17-18 June 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009; 84(32): 325-32.
  • 37. The heterogeneity I2 value is defined as the proportion of the total variation in estimated risk ratios due to between-trial heterogeneity rather than to chance.
  • 38. Siber GR, Werner BG, Halsey NA, et al. Interference of immune globulin with measles and rubella immunization. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 204-11.
  • 39. American Academy of Pediatrics. Active immunization of people who recently received immune globulin and other blood products. In: Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 30th ed, Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS (Eds), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2015. p.38
  • 40. Priorix kısa ürün bilgisi, (KÜB, onay tarihi 06.12.2004).
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section makale
Authors

Beyhan Bülbül This is me

Mustafa Hacımustafaoğlu This is me

Publication Date February 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bülbül, B., & Hacımustafaoğlu, M. (2020). Kızamık Enfeksiyonu ve Korunma. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, 12(1), 5-12.
AMA Bülbül B, Hacımustafaoğlu M. Kızamık Enfeksiyonu ve Korunma. Pediatri. February 2020;12(1):5-12.
Chicago Bülbül, Beyhan, and Mustafa Hacımustafaoğlu. “Kızamık Enfeksiyonu Ve Korunma”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 12, no. 1 (February 2020): 5-12.
EndNote Bülbül B, Hacımustafaoğlu M (February 1, 2020) Kızamık Enfeksiyonu ve Korunma. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 12 1 5–12.
IEEE B. Bülbül and M. Hacımustafaoğlu, “Kızamık Enfeksiyonu ve Korunma”, Pediatri, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 5–12, 2020.
ISNAD Bülbül, Beyhan - Hacımustafaoğlu, Mustafa. “Kızamık Enfeksiyonu Ve Korunma”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 12/1 (February 2020), 5-12.
JAMA Bülbül B, Hacımustafaoğlu M. Kızamık Enfeksiyonu ve Korunma. Pediatri. 2020;12:5–12.
MLA Bülbül, Beyhan and Mustafa Hacımustafaoğlu. “Kızamık Enfeksiyonu Ve Korunma”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, 2020, pp. 5-12.
Vancouver Bülbül B, Hacımustafaoğlu M. Kızamık Enfeksiyonu ve Korunma. Pediatri. 2020;12(1):5-12.
 Download Cover Image