RAK BİRİNCİ LİGİNDE BASKETBOL OYNAYAN GÜÇLÜ VE ZAYIF RAKİPLERİN DEVLETLİK KAYGI DÜZEYLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Year 2024, , 166 - 176, 27.06.2024

Deniz Erdağ , Sizar Salim Sadiq , Mustafa Behlül , Bingül Subaşı

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.2.07

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Irak 1. liginde basketbol oynayan güçlü ve zayıf rakiplerin durumluk kaygı düzeylerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Araştırmanın amacı, güçlü takımların zayıf takımlarla oynadığı maçlarda bilişsel ve somatik kaygı düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, güçlü takımların güçlü takımlarla oynadığı maçlarda bilişsel ve somatik kaygı düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve aralarındaki üç maçın toplamında bilişsel ve somatik kaygı düzeylerinin bulunmasıdır. güçlü takım zayıf takıma karşı, güçlü takım güçlü takıma karşı oynar. Araştırmanın örneklemini 4 takımda yer alan 32 sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Tüm katılımcılar Irak'ın Basketbol kulüpleri erkek, ileri kategoride seçildi ve Irak birinci lig basketbol liginde seçilen basketbol takımlarına katıldı. betimsel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma anket tabanlı bir araştırma olarak yürütülmüştür. Rekabetçi durumluk kaygı envanteri anketi için araştırmacı, anketin güvenilirliğini ve ölçeğin geçerliliğini sağlamak için iki İngilizce uzmanının anketi Arapçaya çevirmesini istiyor. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre hipotezi kabul ettikleri güçlü takımlar ile zayıf takımların somatik ve bilişsel kaygı düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir fark vardır. Sonuç ayrıca, zayıf takıma karşı güçlü takım oyunları ve güçlü takıma karşı güçlü takım oyunları için somatik ve bilişsel kaygı arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, çalışma Irak birinci lig basketbol liginde birlikte oynayan güçlü ve zayıf basketbol yarışmacıları arasında durumluk kaygı düzeyleri arasında bir fark olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

basketbol, kaygı, durumluk, sürekl, özgüven

Supporting Institution

YOK

Project Number

YOK

Thanks

YOK

COMPARISON OF STATE ANXIETY LEVELS OF STRONG AND WEAK COMPETITORS PLAYING BASKETBALL IN IRAQI FIRST LEAGUE

Abstract

The aim of this study was comparison of state anxiety levels of strong and weak competitors playing basketball in Iraqi first league. The study is aimed at identifying the cognitive and somatic anxiety levels while strong teams play with weak teams, also to find cognitive and somatic anxiety levels while strong teams play with strong teams, and to find cognitive and somatic anxiety for the sum of three games between strong team plays against weak team and strong team plays against strong team. The study sample consists of 32 athletes in 4 teams. All the participants had been selected in Iraq’s Basketball clubs male, advanced category joined in the selected basketball teams in Iraqi first division basketball league. A descriptive research method was used. The research was conducted questionnaire base research. competitive state anxiety inventory questionnaire, the researcher wants two English language experts, to translate the questionnaire to Arabic language to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire and the validity of scale. According to the results there is a significant difference between somatic and cognitive anxiety levels for weak with strong teams, which they accept the hypothesis. Result also shows that there is significant difference between somatic and cognitive anxiety for strong team plays against weak team and strong team plays against strong team. Conclusively, the study showed that there was a difference between state anxiety levels between strong and weak basketball competitors playing together at the Iraq first division basketball league.

Keywords

basketball, anxiety, cognitive, somatic, self confidence

Project Number

YOK

References

• Al-Gendy, T. M. (2012). Designing new groups of tests for measuring the technical performance of the basketball players. Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 7(8), 673.
• Arazi, H., & Asadi, A. (2011). The effect of aquatic and land plyometric training on strength, sprint, and balance in young basketball players. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 6 (1), 101-111.
• Aşçı, F. H. (2003). The effects of physical fitness training on trait anxiety and physical self-concept of female university students. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4 (3), 255-264.
• Ángel Gómez, M., Lorenzo, A., Sampaio, J., José Ibáñez, S., & Ortega, E. (2008). Game-related statistics that discriminated winning and losing teams from the Spanish men’s professional basketball teams. Collegiums Anthropological, 32 (2), 451-456
• Asadi, A. (2013). Effects of in-season short-term polymeric training on jumping and agility performance of basketball players. Sport Sciences for Health, 9(3), 133-137.
• Aladag, M., Yaka, B., & Koc, I. (2014). Opinions of Counselor Candidates Regarding Counseling Skills Training. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(3), 879-886.
• Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive therapy and Research, 1(4), 287-310.
• Balyan, K. Y., Tok, S., Tatar, A., Binboga, E., & Balyan, M. (2016). The relationship among personality, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, physiological arousal, and performance in male athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(1), 48-58.
• Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1991). The positive social and self-concept consequences of sports team identification. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 15(2), 115- 127.
• Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (2000). The Profile of Mood States and athletic performance: Two meta-analyses. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(1), 49-68.
• Bhat, S. A., & Shaw, D. (2016). Selected Anxiety Variables of Successful and Unsuccessful Male and Female Judo Players of All India Inter-University Level. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 65-151.
• Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Re-examining the elusive anxiety performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 45-61.
• Brooks, A. W. (2014). Get excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1144.
• Bloom, H. (1997). The anxiety of influence: A theory of poetry. Oxford University Press, USA.
• Craft, L. L., Magyar, T. M., Becker, B. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2003). The relationship between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(1), 44-65.
• Caffey, M. R., Crane, J. W., & Ireland, M. F. (2016). Paramedic student anxiety levels towards topics in applied pharmacology at a regional university in Australia. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 13, 1-9.
• Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P., & Russell, W. D. (2003). Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519-533.
• Castro, J. (2017). Sports Related Anxiety in College Athletes. Presentation at Scholarly and Creative Works Conference. Dominican University of California. California, USA.
• Drust, B. (2010). Performance analysis research: meeting the challenge. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(9), 921-922.
• Delewi, R., Vlastra, W., Rohling, W. J., Wagenaar, T. C., Zwemstra, M., Meesterman, M. & Baan, J. (2017). Anxiety levels of patients undergoing coronary procedures in the catheterization laboratory. International Journal of Cardiology, 228, 926-930.
• Ellis, M. J., Cordingley, D., Vis, S., Reimer, K., Leiter, J., & Russell, K. (2015). Vestibuloocular dysfunction in pediatric sports-related concussion. Journal of Neurosurgery: Paediatrics, 16(3), 248-255.
• Englert, C., & Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego deplete and sports performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 580-599.
• Eron, J., Garner, W., Wei, L., Zhong, L., Miller, M., Szwarcberg, J., ... & White, K. (2016). Retesting of Suspected Low-Level Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral Load Blips: A New Paradigm to Prevent Extra Clinic Visits and Unnecessary Patient Anxiety. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases (Vol. 3, No. suppl_1, 948). Oxford University Press.
• Elliott, S. K., & Drummond, M. J. (2017). Parents in youth sport: what happens after the game? Sport, Education and Society, 22(3), 391-406.
• Eldridge, S. M., Lancaster, G. A., Campbell, M. J., Thabane, L., Hopewell, S., Coleman, C. L., & Bond, C. M. (2016). Defining feasibility and pilot studies in preparation for randomized controlled trials: development of a conceptual framework. Plos One, 11(3), 0150205.
• Epstein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited: Or a theory of a theory. American psychologist, 28(5), 404. Ferreira, A. P., Volossovitch, A., & Sampaio, J. (2014). Towards the game critical moments in basketball: a grounded theory approach. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 14(2), 428-442.
• Fiske, S. T., Morling, B., & Stevens, L. E. (1996). Controlling self and others: A theory of anxiety, mental control, and social control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(2), 115-123.
• Francis, J., Molnar, G., Donovan, M., & Peters, D. M. (2015). Development of a Valid and Reliable Performance Analysis Template for Assessing Team Performance in Elite Men's Wheelchair Basketball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 47-47.
• Foster, T., Steen, L., O'Ryan, L., & Nelson, J. (2016). Examining How the Adlerian Life Tasks Predict Anxiety in First-Year Counselling Students. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 72(2), 104-120.
• Gómez, M. A., Lorenzo, A., Ibáñez, S. J., Ortega, E., Leite, N., & Sampaio, J. (2010). An analysis of defensive strategies used by home and away basketball teams. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110(1), 159-166.
• Gudykunst, W. B. (1998). Applying anxiety\ uncertainty management (AUM) Theory to intercultural adjustment training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 227-250.
• Hardy, L., & Parfitt, G. (1991). A catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. British Journal of Psychology, 82(2), 163-178.
• Hoover, S. J., Winter, R. K., McCutchan, H., Beaudoin, C. C., Judge, L. W., Jones, L. M., & Hoover, D. L. (2017). Mood and Performance Anxiety in High School Basketball Players: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(4), 604-618.
• Judge, L. W., Urbina, L. J., Hoover, D. L., Craig, B. W., Judge, L. M., Leitzelar, B. M., & Bellar, D. M. (2016). The Impact of Competitive Trait Anxiety on Collegiate Power Lifting Performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(9), 2399-2405.
• Jovanovic, T., Nylocks, K. M., Gamwell, K. L., Smith, A., Davis, T. A., Norrholm, S. D., & Bradley, B. (2014). Development of fear acquisition and extinction in children: Effects of age and anxiety. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 113, 135-142.
• Keikha, B. M., Yusof, S. M., & Jourkesh, M. (2015). The relationship between pre-competition state anxiety components and mood state sub-scales scores and the result of among college athletes through temporal patterning. International Journal of Sports Science, 5(1), 8-15.
• Krzyzewski, M., & Phillips, D. T. (2010). Leading with the heart: Coach K's successful strategies for basketball, business, and life. Hachette UK.
• Krause, J.V., (1991). Basketball Skills and Drills. Leisure Press, London, UK. 123.
• Kamel, E. M. (1990). A Factorial Study of the tests of physical and skill in basketball (Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education, Menia University, Egypt).
• Klinzing, J. E. (1991). Training for improved jumping ability of basketball players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 13(3), 27-33.
• Kaur, G. (2016). Comparative study of government and public school students of Chandigarh as related to sports achievements academic anxiety and self-concept. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Faculty of Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
• Kirker, B., Tenenbaum, G., & Mattson, J. (2000). An investigation of the dynamics of aggression: Direct observations in ice hockey and basketball. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(4), 373-386.
• Kleine, D. (1990). Anxiety and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Anxiety Research, 2(2), 113-131.
• Lam, T. P., & Sun, K. S. (2014). Stigmatizing opinions of Chinese toward different types of mental illnesses: a qualitative study in Hong Kong. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 48(3), 217-228.
• Leary, M. R., & Jongman-Sereno, K. P. (2010). Social anxiety as an early warning system: A refinement and extension of the self-presentation theory of social anxiety. Social anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives, 471-486.
• Leitenberg, H. (Ed.). (2013). Handbook of social and evaluation anxiety. Springer, Boston, MA.
• Lerner, B. S., Ostrow, A. C., Yura, M. T., & Etzel, E. F. (1996). The effects of goal-setting and imagery training programs on the free-throw performance of female collegiate basketball players. The Sport Psychologist, 10(4), 382-397.
• Lewin, D. S. (2015). Mindful Strategies To Deal With Stress, Anxiety And Conflict Associated With Chronic Illness. Paediatric Pulmonologist, 50, 130.
• Latinjak, A. T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Zourbanos, N. (2017). Goal-Directed and Spontaneous Self-Talk in Anger-and Anxiety-Eliciting Sport-Situations. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(2), 150-166.
• Lamb, A. L., Hess, D. E., Edenborn, S., Ubinger, E., Carrillo, A. E., & Appasamy, P. M. (2017). Elevated salivary IgA, decreased anxiety, and altered oral microbiota are associated with active participation on an undergraduate athletic team. Physiology & Behavior, 169, 169-177.
• Mohammed, S.H. (2000). Thinking strategies in sports competitions, the Egyptian Society for Mathematical decrease. Arab Thought House. Cairo, Egypt.
• Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L. A., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Competitive Anxiety in Sport, 117-190.
• Martens, R., Burton, D., Rivkin, F., & Simon, J. (1980). Reliability and validity of the competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI). Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport, 91- 99.
• Miller, M. G., Herniman, J. J., Ricard, M. D., Cheatham, C. C., & Michael, T. J. (2006). The effects of a 6-week polymeric training program on agility. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5(3), 459-465.
• Montgomery, P. G., Pyne, D. B., Hopkins, W. G., Dorman, J. C., Cook, K., & Minahan, C. L. (2008). The effect of recovery strategies on physical performance and cumulative fatigue in competitive basketball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(11), 1135-1145.
• McReynolds, W. T. (2015). Anxiety as fear: a behavioral approach to one emotion. Emotions and Anxiety (PLE: Emotion): New Concepts, Methods, and Applications, 12, 281.
• Öhman, A., & Wiens, S. (2004, April). The concept of an evolved fear module and cognitive theories of anxiety. In Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium (8-80). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Ortín, N. U., & López, M. I. P. (2010). Relation between the anxiety and performance of a team of basketball during the competition. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 18(3), 409- 413.
• Osama, R. (1995). The Psychology of Sports Concepts Applications, (First Edition), The Arab Thought House, Cairo, Egypt.
• Pichurin, V. V. (2015). Psychological and psycho-physical training as a factor of personal anxiety at students. Pedagogic, Psychology, Medical-biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 19(3), 46-51.
• Parfitt, G., & Pates, J. (1999). The effects of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence on components of performance during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(5), 351-356.
• Paulus, J., Tong, J., Hornegger, J., Schmidt, M., Eskofier, B., & Michelson, G. (2014). Extended stereopsis evaluation of professional and amateur soccer players and subjects without soccer background. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1186.
• Quevedo-Junyent, L., Aznar-Casanova, J. A., Merindano-Encina, D., Cardona, G., & Solé- Fortó, J. (2011). Comparison of dynamic visual acuity between water polo players and sedentary students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and sport, 82(4), 644-651.
• Ruiz, L. M., Sánchez, M., Piqueras, J. D., & Jiménez, C. (2006). Los expertos en el deporte: Su estudio y análisis desde una perspectiva psicológica. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 22(1), 132-142.
• Roy-Byrne, P. (2015). Treatment-refractory anxiety; definition, risk factors, and treatment challenges. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(2), 191.
• Rhea, M. R., Landers, D. M., Alvar, B. A., & Arent, S. M. (2003). The effects of competition and the presence of an audience on weightlifting performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(2), 303-306.
• Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Grossbard, J. R. (2006). Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28(4), 479-501.
• Sampaio, J., Drinkwater, E. J., & Leite, N. M. (2010). Effects of season period, team quality, and playing time on basketball players' game-related statistics. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(2), 141-149.
• Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Grossbard, J. R. (2006). Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28(4), 479-501.
• Sanaei, O., Zafarghandi, A. M., & Sabet, M. K. (2015). The effect of classroom anxiety on EFL learner's oral narratives fluency: the case of intermediate level students. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(7), 1390.
• Schaller, M. A., Griesinger, G., & Banz-Jansen, C. (2016). Women show a higher level of anxiety during IVF treatment than men and hold different concerns: a cohort study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 293(5), 1137-1145.
• Sullivan, H. S. (2014). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. In An introduction to theories of personality (37-156). Psychology Press.
• Sonstroem, R. J., & Bernardo, P. (1982). Intraindividual pregame state anxiety and basketball performance: A re-examination of the inverted-U curve. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4(3), 235-245.
• Thuot, S., Kavouras, S., & Kenefick, R. (1998). Effect of perceived ability, game location, and state anxiety on basketball performance. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 21(3), 311.
• Terry, P. (1995). The efficacy of mood state profiling with elite performers: A review and synthesis. The Sport Psychologist, 9(3), 309-324.
• Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., & Thayer, J. F. (2014). Cardiac reactivity to and recovery from acute stress: Temporal associations with implicit anxiety. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 92(2), 85-91.
• Wilson, M. R., Vine, S. J., & Wood, G. (2009). The influence of anxiety on visual attentional control in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(2), 152-168.
• Wrisberg, C. A., & Anshel, M. H. (1989). The effect of cognitive strategies on the free throw shooting performance of young athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 3(2), 95-104.
• Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2023). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Human kinetics.
• Woodman, T., Barlow, M., Bandura, C., Hill, M., Kupciw, D., & MacGregor, A. (2013). Not all risks are equal: The risk-taking inventory for high-risk sports. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5), 479-492.
• Wilde‐Larsson, B., Larsson, G., Kvist, L. J., & Sandin‐Bojö, A. K. (2010). Women’s’ opinions on intrapartal care: development of a theory‐based questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(11‐12), 1748-1760.
• Yang, K., & Forney, J. C. (2013). The moderating role of consumer technology anxiety in mobile shopping adoption: differential effects of facilitating conditions and social influences. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 14(4), 334.
• Zamani, A., & Moradi, A. (2011). The comparison of the trait anxiety, state anxiety, and confidence in three sports teams and three individual sports. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 11(40), 81-98.
• Zuckerman, M., & Spielberger, C. D. (Eds.). (2015). Emotions and anxiety (PLE: emotion): New concepts, methods, and applications. Psychology Press.