Research Article

The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital

Volume: 8 Number: 1 March 29, 2026
TR EN

The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital

Abstract

The research was conducted to evaluate the white code data on violence in a regional closed psychiatric hospital. The research is a descriptive and retrospective study. In the study, white code reports reported in XXX between 2018 and 2023 were retrospectively scanned. The sample of the study consisted of 51 individuals. In data collection, descriptive data on victims of violence, perpetrators of violence, type of violence and the cause of violence are shown as numbers and percentages. It was determined that 29 (56.9%) of the violent incidents were verbal violence, 16 (31.4%) occurred in closed psychiatry services and 15 (29.4%) in the emergency room. In the code white incident, 51 hospital personnel were exposed to violence, and 24 (47.1%) of the victims of violence were physicians. It was determined that 36 (70.6%) of the perpetrators were male, the majority 17 (33.3%) were between the ages of 25-35, 24 (47.1)% were patients and 23 (45.1%) were relatives of patients. The most frequently stated reason for violence was determined as patient/patient relative attitude and behavioral errors 37 (72.5%). According to the white code data, there is violence in health in hospitals. Closed psychiatry service, emergency service workers and especially doctors are exposed to violence in health most frequently. Information training for individuals receiving the service should be expanded, and current penalties should be made a deterrent.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa Mental Health and Diseases Hospital

Project Number

No

Ethical Statement

Necessary institutional and ethical permissions were obtained from XXX University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (08.03.2023/20.478.486/1740).

Thanks

We would like to thank the hospital management for contributing to the collection of the data of the study

References

  1. Arnetz, J. E., Hamblin, L., Ager, J., & Aranyos, D. (2015). Underreporting of workplace violence: Comparison of self-report and actual documentation of hospital incidents. Workplace Health & Safety, 63(5), 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079915574684
  2. Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3
  3. Büyükbayram, A., & Okçay, H. (2013). Sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik şiddeti etkileyen sosyokültürel faktörler. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 4(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.5505/phd.2013.14622
  4. Cengisiz, C., Nehir, S., & Öğütveren, Ö. (2023). Şizofreni tanılı bireylere uygulanan psikiyatrik rehabilitasyon hizmetlerinin yaşam kalitesi ve umuda etkisi. Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 8 (Özel Sayı), 882-889. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8405271
  5. Deniz, S., & Yüksel, O. (2020). Sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik şiddetin nedenlerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir çalışma [A study on the determination of the reasons for violence against healthcare workers]. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 483-487. https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.733632
  6. Duğan, Ö. (2024). Violence in health: An analysis based on the emotions of YouTube viewers. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 6(3), 249-254. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.3.06
  7. Eğici, M.T., & Öztürk, G.Z. (2018). Beyaz kod verileri ışığında sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik şiddet [Violence against healthcare workers in light of code white data]. Ankara Medical Journal, 18(2), 224-231. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.436537
  8. Liu, J., Gan, Y., Jiang, H., Li, L., Dwyer, R., Lu, K.,.. & Wang, C. (2019). Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 76(12), 927-937. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105849

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Psychiatry

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 29, 2026

Submission Date

April 15, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 14, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 8 Number: 1

APA
Cengisiz, C., & Nehir, S. (2026). The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(1). https://izlik.org/JA32WP54RX
AMA
1.Cengisiz C, Nehir S. The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital. Cyp Turk J Psychiatry and Psychol. 2026;8(1). https://izlik.org/JA32WP54RX
Chicago
Cengisiz, Cengiz, and Sevgi Nehir. 2026. “The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital”. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi 8 (1). https://izlik.org/JA32WP54RX.
EndNote
Cengisiz C, Nehir S (March 1, 2026) The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi 8 1
IEEE
[1]C. Cengisiz and S. Nehir, “The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital”, Cyp Turk J Psychiatry and Psychol, vol. 8, no. 1, Mar. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA32WP54RX
ISNAD
Cengisiz, Cengiz - Nehir, Sevgi. “The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital”. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi 8/1 (March 1, 2026). https://izlik.org/JA32WP54RX.
JAMA
1.Cengisiz C, Nehir S. The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital. Cyp Turk J Psychiatry and Psychol. 2026;8. Available at https://izlik.org/JA32WP54RX.
MLA
Cengisiz, Cengiz, and Sevgi Nehir. “The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital”. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, Mar. 2026, https://izlik.org/JA32WP54RX.
Vancouver
1.Cengiz Cengisiz, Sevgi Nehir. The Shadow Epidemic: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Workplace Violence and Aggression Pathways in a Psychiatric Hospital. Cyp Turk J Psychiatry and Psychol [Internet]. 2026 Mar. 1;8(1). Available from: https://izlik.org/JA32WP54RX