A Meta-Analysis Study on Gender Differences in Psychological Resilience Levels

Year 2021, , 132 - 143, 19.06.2021

Ayşe Gök Esin Yılmaz Koğar

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.21.2.15

Abstract

The general purpose of the study is to provide a quantitative summary of the findings of studies that address the psychological resilience levels of individuals in terms of gender differences. This study includes a review of the relevant literature, the stages of meta-analysis research, analysis findings got from the included studies, discussions on the results of the findings, and finally recommendations for future psychological resilience research. Because of the literature review, 30 thesis and article-type researches were selected for meta-analysis under the inclusion criteria of the study. The effect size was calculated for each study using the non-standardized mean difference method. It was concluded that there was no publication bias in the studies selected according to the funnel plot and Egger test findings. As a result of the analysis made according to the random effects model, it was determined that the effect size for gender has a significant effect on the psychological resilience level of the individuals, and the results are in favor of men. Because of the heterogeneity test, a moderate level of heterogeneity was found between studies. Reasons for this heterogeneity were the type of publication, the study group, the way the data were collected, and the total number of participants. It was found that only the study group variable among these variables can lead to heterogeneity.

Keywords

Psychological Resilience, Gender Differences, Random Effects Model, Meta-Analysis

References

• Akduman, G., & Karahan, G. (2020). Kabin memurunun sahip olması gereken yetkinlikler: sivil havacılık kabin hizmetleri mezunu istihdam edilen kişilerle bir alan araştırması. Havacılık ve Uzay Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 7-32.
• Akgöz, S., Ercan, İ., & Kan, İ. (2004). Meta analysis. Journal of Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, 30(2), 107-112.
• Arı, F. A., & Çarkıt, E. (2020). Investigation of resilience in terms of gender: A meta-analysis study. Research on Education and Psychology (REP), 4(Special Issue), 34-52. http://dergipark.org.tr/rep
• Arslan, A. (2020). Beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin yakın ilişki şiddeti algılarının baş etme stilleri ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Artan, T., Atak, I., Karaman, M., & Cebeci, F. (2020). The relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, psychological resilience and anxiety levels in the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(6), 79-94.
• Atkinson, R. L., Atkinson, R. C., Smith, E. E., Bem, D. J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Introduction to Psychology. (Yavuz Alogan, Trans.). Friend Publishing.
• Aydın, İ., Erman, Ö., Akbulut, V., & Kılıç, S. K. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarında boş zaman sıkılma algısı ve psikolojik sağlamlık ilişkisi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1), 39-53.
• Aydın, M., & Egemberdiyeva, A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türkiye Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1), 37-53.
• Aydoğdu, T. (2015). Investigation of the relationship between attachment styles, coping strategies and psychological resilience (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Gazi University.
• Bandura, A. (2006). Adolescent development from an agentic perspective. Selfefficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, 5, 1-43.
• Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(1), 155- 162.
• Beyazkılınç, E. (2019). Yüksek din öğretimi öğrencilerinde Allah’a bağlanma ve psikolojik sağlamlık: Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi örneği (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Bilge, Y. & Bilge, Y. (2020). Examining the effects of the coronavirus epidemic and social isolation on psychological symptoms in terms of psychological resilience and coping styles. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23(1), 38-51.
• Biricik, Y. S., & Sivrikaya, M. H. (2020). Investigation of psychological resilience and self-effect levels of faculty of sports students. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(9), 82-89.
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley.
• Bouteyre, E., Maurel, M., & Bernaud, J. L. (2007). Daily hassles and depressive symptoms among first year psychology students in France: The role of coping and social support. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 23(2), 93-99.
• Bozdağ, F. (2020). Psychological resilience during the pandemic. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 247-257.
• Bozgeyikli, H. (2017). Big five personality traits as the predictor of teachers' organizational psychological capital. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(18), 125-135.
• Bradley, R. H., Whiteside, L. Munford, D. J., Casey, P. H., Kelleher, K. J., & Pope, S. K. (1994). Early indications of resilience and their relation to experiences in the home environments of low birthweight, premature children living in poverty. Child Development, 65(2), 346-360.
• Camadan, F., & Kıraç, S. N. (2020). Examining self-esteem and various demographic variables as a predictor of university students’ psychological resilience. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 10(2), 253-263.
• Campbell-Sills, L., Forde, D. R., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 1007–1012.
• Can, M. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin mutluluk, psikolojik sağlamlık ve öz yeterlik düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Carriedo, A., Cecchini, J. A., Fernandez-Rio, J., & Méndez-Giménez, A. (2020). COVID-19, psychological well-being and physical activity levels in older adults during the nationwide lockdown in Spain. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(11), 1146-1155.
• Chuang, N.K. ve Lei, S.A. (2011). Job stress among casino hotel chefs in a top-tier tourism city. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(5), 551-574.
• Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2007). Personality, adrenal steroid hormones, and resilience in maltreated children: A multi-level perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 787-809. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407000399.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd edition). New York: Routledge.
• Cooke, F.L., Wang, J., & Bartram, T. (2019). Can a supportive workplace ımpact employee resilience in a high pressure performance environment? An ınvestigation of the Chinese banking ındustry. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 68(4), 695-718. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12184
• Cumming, G. (2013). Understanding the new statistics: Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis. New York: Routledge.
• Çelebi, G. Y. (2020). Covid 19 salgınına ilişkin tepkilerin psikolojik sağlamlık açısından incelenmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (8), 471-483. DOI: 10.21733/ibad.737406
• Çoğaltay N. & Karadağ, E. (2015). Introduction to meta-analysis. In E. Karadağ (Ed.), Leadership and organizational outcomes: Meta-analysis of empirical studies, (pp.19-28). Springer.
• Davidson, J. R. T., Payne, V. M., Connor, K. M., Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Hertzberg, M. A., & Weisler, R. H. (2005). Trauma, resilience and saliostasis: Effects of treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-200501000-00009
• De Holanda Coelho, G. L., Hanel, P. H., Medeiros Cavalcanti, T., Teixeira Rezende, A., & Veloso Gouveia, V. (2016). Brief Resilience Scale: Testing its factorial structure and invariance in Brazil. Universitas Psychologica, 15(2), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsyl5-2.brst
• Demir, T. (2018). Sağlık çalışanlarında algılanan stres, psikolojik sağlamlık ve bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin durumluk ve sürekli kaygı düzeyini yordama gücü (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Deniz, S., Çimen, M., & Yüksel, O. (2020). Psikolojik sağlamlığın iş stresine etkisi: hastane çalışanlarına yönelik bir araştırma. İşletme Bilimi Dergisi, 8(2), 351-370.
• Dervişoğulları, M. (2020). Eğitim fakültesi öğretim elemanlarının psikolojik sağlamlıkları, akademik erteleme eğilimleri, işle ilgili akışları ve mesleki yeterlikleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Doğan, T. (2015). Turkish adaptation of the short psychological resilience scale: Validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Dökmen, Z. Y. (2017). Toplumsal cinsiyet - sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar [Social gender, social psychological explanations]. Ankara: Remzi Kitabevi.
• Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463.
• Egger, M., & Smith, G. D. (1997). Meta-analysis: Potentials and promise. British Medical Journal, 315(7119), 1371-1374. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7119.1371
• Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315(7109), 629-634.
• Ercan, L. E. (2010). An analysis of the relationship between attitudes towards seeking psychological help and problem solving among university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1814-1819.
• Eryılmaz, S. (2012). Investigation of life satisfaction, self-esteem, optimism and locus of control in predicting psychological resilience in university students (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Mugla University.
• Feng, F., Ming, L. I., Ruofan, L. I., Bingzhang, L. I., & Cao, C. (2016). Mediating effects of self feeling of inadequacy between resilience and alexithymia in depressive undergraduates. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science, 25(1), 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14208
• Ferguson, C. J., & Brannick, M. T. (2012). Publication bias in psychological science: Prevalence, methods for identifying and controlling, and implications for theuse of meta-analyses. Psychological Methods, 17, 120–128.
• Field, A. P., & Gillett, R. (2010). How to do a meta‐analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 63(3), 665-694.
• Fung, S. F. (2020). Validity of the brief resilience scale and brief resilient coping scale in a Chinese sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041265
• Gizir, C. (2007). A review study on psychological resilience, risk factors and protective factors. Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 3(28), 113-128. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200204
• Glass, G. V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher, 5(10), 3–8.
• Gultekin, A., Kavak, F., & Ozdemir, A. (2019). The correlation between spiritual well-being and psychological resilience in patients with liver transplant. Medicine, 8(3), 531-536.
• Harry, N., & Coetzee, M. (2011). Sense of coherence, affective wellbeing and burnout in a South African higher education institution call centre. South African Journal of Labour Relations, 35(2), 26-46. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5549
• He, J., Sun, S., Zickgraf, H. F., Lin, Z., & Fan, X. (2020). Meta-analysis of gender differences in body appreciation. Body Image, 33, 90-100.
• He, Z., Chen, J., Pan, K., Yue, Y., Cheung, T., Yuan, Y., ... & Zhou, Y. (2020). The development of the'COVID-19 Psychological Resilience Model'and its efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(15), 2828-2834.
• Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
• Hirani, S., Lasiuk, G., & Hegadoren, K. (2016). The intersection of gender and resilience. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 23(6-7), 455–467.
• Hoşoğlu, R., Kodaz, A. F., Bingöl, T. Y., & Batık, M. V. (2018). Öğretmen adaylarında psikolojik sağlamlık. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(14), 217-239.
• Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? Psychological Methods, 11, 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.
• Joanna Briggs Institute (2018). Critical appraisal tools. http://joannabriggs.org/research/critical-appraisal-tools.html
• Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2006). Growth following adversity: Theoretical perspectives and implications for clinical practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(8), 1041-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.006
• Joyce, S., Shand, F., Tighe, J., Laurent, S. J., Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, S. B. (2018). Road to resilience: a systematic review and meta-analysis of resilience training programmes and interventions. BMJ Open, 8(6), 1-9.
• Kaba, İ., & Keklik, İ. (2016). Psychological resilience and psychological symptoms in students' adaptation to university life. Hacettepe University Institute of Educational Sciences Journal of Educational Research, 2(2), 458-777. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/huner/issue/36362/411244
• Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B. X., ... & Chen, J. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X
• Karademir, T., & Mahmut, A. (2019). Üniversiteli sporcuların psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 803-816.
• Karaırmak, Ö. (2006). Psychological resilience, risk factors and protective factors. Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 3(26), 129-142.
• Karaşar, B., & Canlı, D. (2020). Psychological resilience and depression during the Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(2), 273-279.
• Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). Examining the relationships between anxiety and spirituality, psychological resilience and intolerance to uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 599-614.
• Kemal, N., & Duran, N. O. (2019). Türkiye’de yükseköğretimdeki Ahıskalı öğrencilerin mutluluk ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin bazı demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Maarif Mektepleri Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 1-15.
• Kılıç, N., Mammadov, M., Koçhan, K., & Aypay, A. Üniversite öğrencilerinde genel öz yeterlik inancı ve beden imajının psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyini yordama gücü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(4), 904-914.
• Kılıç, P. (2019). Ergenlerde beden imgesi ile psikolojik sağlamlık ve mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Kıvrak, A. O., & Akandere, M. (2019). Examinatıon of the resilience levels of women and men do sport in gyms. Türk Spor ve Egzersiz Dergisi, 21(2), 223-228.
• Kimhi, S., Marciano, H., Eshel, Y., & Adini, B. (2020). Resilience and demographic characteristics predicting distress during the COVID-19 crisis. Social Science & Medicine, 265, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113389
• Kimter, N. (2020). Covid-19 günlerinde bireylerin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (Özel Sayı), 574-605.
• Kirandi, O. (2020).Beden eğitimi öğretmeni adaylarında psikolojik sağlamlık ve serbest zaman sıkılma algısı ilişkisi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Trabzon Üniversitesilisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü.
• Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1-11.
• Konaszewski, K., Niesiobędzka, M., & Surzykiewicz, J. (2020). Validation of the Polish version of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). PloS One, 15(8), e0237038. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237038
• Kul, A., Demir, R., & Katmer, A. N. (2020). Life meaning and anxiety as predictors of psychological resilience during the Covid-19 outbreak. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(6), 695-719. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44419
• Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: the resilience framework. In M. D. Glantz and J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
• Lee, J. H., Nam, S. K., Kim, A. R., Kim, B., Lee, M. Y., & Lee, S. M. (2013). Resilience: a meta‐analytic approach. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(3), 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00095.x
• Lee, E. O., Shen, C., & Tran, T. V. (2008). Coping with hurricane Katrina: Psychological distress and resilience among African American evacuees. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(5), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798408323354
• Lin, K. K., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., & Luecken, L. J. (2004). Resilience in parentally bereaved children and adolescents seeking preventive services. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 673-683. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_3
• Lipsey, M. W. & Wilson, D. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Lissoni, B., Del Negro, S., Brioschi, P., Casella, G., Fontana, I., Bruni, C., & Lamiani, G. (2020). Promoting resilience in the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: Psychological interventions for intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians and family members. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 105-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000802
• Liu, V. Y. Y., & Lim, S. M. (2020). A psychometric evaluation of the brief resilience scale among tertiary students in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1845120
• Littel, H. J., Corcoran, J., & Pillai, V. (2008). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Oxford University Press.
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
• Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857-885.
• Macovei, C. M. (2015). The Brief Resilience Scale-a Romanian-language adaptation. Agora Psycho-Pragmatica, 9(1), 70-87. https://www.uav.ro/jour/index.php/app/article/view/473/523
• Mandleco, B. L. (2000). An organizational framework for conceptualizing resilience in children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 13(3), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2000.tb00086.x
• Masten, A. S., Hubbard, J. J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999). Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 143-169.
• Masten, A. S. (1994). Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. In M.C. Wang & E.W. (Eds.), Educational resilience in inner-city America: Challenges and prospects. Lawrance Erlbaum.
• Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
• McGloin, J. M., & Widom, C. S. (2001). Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 1021–1038.
• Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Ppsychology, 41(1-2), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6
• Oktan, V. (2008). Examination of the psychological resilience of adolescents preparing for the university exam according to various variables (Unpublished Doctorate Thesis). Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences.
• Oshio, A., Taku, K., Hirano, M., & Saeed, G. (2018). Resilience and Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.048
• Öğmiş, S. (2001). Resilience as a personality trait. I. National Child and Crime Symposium: Causes and Prevention Studies, Ankara (29-30 March).
• Öz, F., & Yılmaz, E. B. (2009). An important concept in maintaining mental health: psychological resilience. Hacettepe University Nursing Faculty Journal, 16 (3), 82-89. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hunhemsire/issue/7841/103278
• Petzold, M. B., Bendau, A., Plag, J., Pyrkosch, L., Mascarell Maricic, L., Betzler, F. & Ströhle, A. (2020). Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain and Behavior, 10(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1745.
• Pidgeon, A., & Keye, M. (2014). Relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and pyschological well-being in University students. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2(5), 27-32.
• Ramirez, E. R. (2007). Resilience: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum,42, 73-82.
• Ran, L., Wang, W., Ai, M., Kong, Y., Chen, J., & Kuang, L. (2020). Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: A study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic. Social Science & Medicine, 262, 1-6. 113261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113261
• Rew, L., Taylor-Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y., & Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33-40.
• Schwarzer, G. (2007). "meta: An R package for meta-analysis." R News 7(3), 40-45.
• Siddiq, F., & Scherer, R. (2019). Is there a gender gap? A meta-analysis of the gender differences in students' ICT literacy. Educational Research Review, 27, 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.03.007
• State University of New York – Institute for Disaster Mental Health (SUNY-IDMH). (2020). COVID-19: Managing stress in this anxious time.
• Stein, M. B., Campbell-Sills, L., & Gelernter, J. (2009). Genetic variation in 5HTTLPR is associated with emotional resilience. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 150B, 900–906. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30916
• Sürücü, M., & Bacanlı, F. (2010). Examination of adherence to university according to psychological resilience and demographic variables. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Educational Faculty, 30 (2) .375-396.
• Terzi, Ş. (2005). Resilience model of subjective well-being (Published Doctoral Thesis). Gazi University: Ankara.
• Togo, O. T., Caz, C., & Kayhan, R. F. (2018). The Relationship between resilience and constant hope in students studying sports science. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(3), 583-589.
• Toktas, S. (2019). Examining the Levels of Forgiveness and Psychological Resilience of Teacher Candidates. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(4), 241-249.
• Tuğral, R. (2020). Ergenlerde yalnızlık, psikolojik sağlamlık, algılanan sosyal destek ve sosyal görünüş kaygısı (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Tutar, T. N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişsel değerlendirme ve duygu düzenlemeleri ile psikolojik sağlamlıkları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Türsel, E. G. (2019). İkili ABCX stres modeli kapsamında bir inceleme: Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluk tanılı çocukların ebeveynlerinin aile uyumu ve duygu sosyalleştirme tepkileri (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi.
• Ulukan, M. (2020). Öğretmenlerin mutluluk ile psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of International Social Research, 13(73), 620-631.
• Ünlü, Z. R. (2018). Sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve psikolojik dayanıklılık (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Yıldırım, M., & Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Current Psychology, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
• Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, L., & Feng, D. (2018). Prevalence of psychological distress and the effects of resilience and perceived social support among Chinese college students: Does gender make a difference?. Psychiatry Research, 267, 409-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.038
• Ziyan, M. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kariyer uyumlarını yordamada psikolojik sağlamlık, bilişsel esneklik ve proaktif kişiliğin rolü (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
• Walsh, F. (2006). Strengthening family resilience (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.
• Werner, E. E. (1995). Resilience in development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(3), 81 85. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772327
• Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in clinical gerontology, 21(2), 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000420
• World Health Organization [WHO]. (2020). UN Policy Brief on COVID-19 and the need for action on mental health. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen