Research Article
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Coping Behaviors and Psychological Difficulties: A case study of Middle School Students in Vietnam

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 313 - 321, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.4.03

Abstract

This research explored coping behaviors and psychological difficulties in Vietnamese middle school students and determined relationship between these variables. A sample population of 582 early adolescents from four secondary schools in Vietnam who aged from 11 to 14 voluntarily participated in the study. Measurements included a brief cope behaviors and a self-report questionnaire employing a Likert scale including psychological difficulties. The results revealed that the specific coping behaviors accounted for 27.8 percent of variance in psychological difficulties, in which use of instrumental support, self-distraction, denial, behavioral disengagement, self-blame, and acceptance were significantly predicted having increased students’ psychological difficulties. Meanwhile, active coping and use of instrumental support contributed to predicting the decrease in students’ psychological difficulties. These results are interpreted within the context of what educators in Vietnam could have psychological interventions for students with psychological difficulties in focusing on eliminating maladaptive coping behaviors and enhancing active coping behaviors.

Supporting Institution

Tra Vinh Univerity

Project Number

number 274/2022/HĐ.HĐKH&ĐT-ĐHTV

References

  • Baqutayan, S. M. S. (2015). Stress and coping mechanisms: A historical overview. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2 S1), 479. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479
  • Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’too long: Consider the brief cope. International journal of behavioral medicine, 4(1), 92-100. DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
  • Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 56(2), 267 – 283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
  • Cerbone, F. G., & Larison, C. L. (2000). A bibliographic essay: The relationship between stress and substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 35(5), 757-786. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080009148420
  • Cicognani, E. (2011). Coping strategies with minor stressors in adolescence: Relationships with social support, self‐efficacy, and psychological well‐being. Journal of Applied social psychology, 41(3), 559-578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00726.x
  • Cook, D., & Hayes, S. C. (2010). Acceptance-based coping and the psychological adjustment of Asian and Caucasian Americans. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6(3), 186. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100907
  • Dijkstra, M. T., & Homan, A. C. (2016). Engaging in rather than disengaging from stress: Effective coping and perceived control. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1415. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01415
  • Ebata, A. T., & Moos, R. H. (1991). Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 12(1), 33-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(91)90029-4
  • Fear, J. M., Champion, J. E., Reeslund, K. L., Forehand, R., Colletti, C., Roberts, L., & Compas, B. E. (2009). Parental depression and interparental conflict: Children and adolescents’ self-blame and coping responses. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), 762. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016381
  • Frydenberg, E. (1997). Adolescent coping: Theoretical and research perspectives. London: Routlege
  • Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (2009). Relations among well-being, avoidant coping, and active coping in a large sample of Australian adolescents. Psychological reports, 104(3), 745-758. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.104.3.745
  • Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder Jr, G. H. (2001). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental psychology, 37(3), 404
  • Goodwin, R. D. (2006). Association between coping with anger and feelings of depression among youths. American journal of public Health, 96(4), 664-669. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049742
  • Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J., Bond, F., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
  • Horwitz, A. G., Hill, R. M., & King, C. A. (2011). Specific coping behaviors in relation to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. Journal of adolescence, 34(5), 1077-1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.10.004
  • Kim, S. M., Han, D. H., Trksak, G. H., & Lee, Y. S. (2014). Gender differences in adolescent coping behaviors and suicidal ideation: findings from a sample of 73,238 adolescents. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(4), 439-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.876010
  • Le, T. L., (2019). The reality of psychological difficulties of middle school students in Thanh Hoa city. Journal of education, 8, 136-139.
  • National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (QH) (2019). Law on Anti Harmful Effect of Alcohol. No: 44/2019/QH14. Retrieved from https://luatvietnam.vn/an-ninh-trat-tu/luat-phong-chong-tac-hai-ruou-bia-2019-175006-d1.html
  • Nguyen, H. T. M., & Nguyen, N. A. T. (2019). Influence of school factors on emotional disorder risk in Vietnamese middle school students. Health Psychology Report, 7, 316–324. https://doi.org/10.5114/ hpr.2019.88664
  • Nguyen, T. M. H. (2014). Coping with Emotional Problems of Middle School Students. VNU Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities, 30(4), 25-34. https://js.vnu.edu.vn/SSH/article/view/1475
  • Nguyen, T. T. (2023). Psychological difficulties in the school environment of secondary school students in Tra Vinh city, Tra Vinh provice. Educational Sciences, 23(5), 222-226
  • Nguyen, T.H.P., Truong, T.X.N (2022). Supportive resources for students to cope with psychosocial stress (case study at Nguyen Van Linh secondary school, Hue city). Hue University Journal of Science: Social sciences and Humanities. 132 (6B), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.26459/hueunijssh.v131i6D.6545
  • Pham, T. M. & Pham, T. X. H. (2016). Coping to the Psychological Difficulties of 12th Grade Students of Thai Phien High School in Danang City. Journal of Science and Technology, Da Nang University, 2(99), 37 – 42.
  • Reeves, C. W., Nicholls, A. R., & McKenna, J. (2009). Stressors and coping strategies among early and middle adolescent premier league academy soccer players: Differences according to age. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802443768
  • Richardson, C. E., Magson, N. R., Fardouly, J., Oar, E. L., Forbes, M. K., Johnco, C. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2021). Longitudinal associations between coping strategies and psychopathology in pre-adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50, 1189-1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01330-x
  • Scardera, S., Perret, L. C., Ouellet-Morin, I., Gariépy, G., Juster, R. P., Boivin, M., ... & Geoffroy, M. C. (2020). Association of social support during adolescence with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in young adults. JAMA network open, 3(12), e2027491-e2027491. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27491
  • Schacter, H. L., & Juvonen, J. (2017). Depressive symptoms, friend distress, and self-blame: Risk factors for adolescent peer victimization. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 51, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.02.005
  • Seiffge‐Krenke, I. (2011). Coping with relationship stressors: A decade review. Journal of research on adolescence, 21(1), 196-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00723.x
  • Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2013). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social Indicators Research, 117 (2), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4
  • Steiner, H., Erickson, S. J., Hernandez, N. L., & Pavelski, R. (2002). Coping styles as correlates of health in high school students. Journal of adolescent health, 30(5), 326-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00326-3
  • Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping. Personality and social psychology review, 6(1), 2-30. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0601_1
  • Tilghman-Osborne, C., Cole, D. A., Felton, J. W., & Ciesla, J. A. (2008). Relation of guilt, shame, behavioral and characterological self-blame to depressive symptoms in adolescents over time. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 27(8), 809-842. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.809
  • Tran, T. L. T., Nguyen, T. N. A., Pham, T. D. T., & Nguyen, T. V. (2020). Psychological difficulties and the reality of school psychological support for middle and high school students in Ho Chi Minh City. HNUE Journal of Science, Educational Sciences, 65(9), 69- 80.
  • Turner, A. P., Larimer, M. E., Sarason, I. G., & Trupin, E. W. (2005). Identifying a negative mood subtype in incarcerated adolescents: Relationship to substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 30(7), 1442-1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.009
  • Vo, T. T. V. & Nguyen, P. C. A. (2011). Methods to manage unwanted emotions of middle school students. In Proceedings of the second International Conference on School Psychology in Vietnam, “Promoting School Psychology Research, Training and Practices in Vietnam (pp. 135–147). Hue University Press.
  • Vu, T. L., Luong, X. H., Le, T. H., Thanh, N. M. & Do, M. H (2018). Reality of Mental Health of Hanoi Secondary Students According to SDQ Scale in 2015. Ho Chi Minh City Journal of Medicine, 22 (4), 266 – 272
  • Wilson, G. S., Pritchard, M. E., & Revalee, B. (2005). Individual differences in adolescent health symptoms: The effects of gender and coping. Journal of adolescence, 28(3), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.08.004
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). Mental health of adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
  • Yoon, Y., Eisenstadt, M., Lereya, S. T., & Deighton, J. (2023). Gender difference in the change of adolescents’ mental health and subjective wellbeing trajectories. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(9), 1569-1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-01961-4.

Coping Behaviors and Psychological Difficulties: A case study of Middle School Students in Vietnam

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 313 - 321, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.4.03

Abstract

This research explored coping behaviors and psychological difficulties in Vietnamese middle school students and determined relationship between these variables. A sample population of 582 early adolescents from four secondary schools in Vietnam who aged from 11 to 14 voluntarily participated in the study. Measurements included a brief cope behaviors and a self-report questionnaire employing a Likert scale including psychological difficulties. The results revealed that the specific coping behaviors accounted for 27.8 percent of variance in psychological difficulties, in which use of instrumental support, self-distraction, denial, behavioral disengagement, self-blame, and acceptance were significantly predicted having increased students’ psychological difficulties. Meanwhile, active coping and use of instrumental support contributed to predicting the decrease in students’ psychological difficulties. These results are interpreted within the context of what educators in Vietnam could have psychological interventions for students with psychological difficulties in focusing on eliminating maladaptive coping behaviors and enhancing active coping behaviors.

Project Number

number 274/2022/HĐ.HĐKH&ĐT-ĐHTV

References

  • Baqutayan, S. M. S. (2015). Stress and coping mechanisms: A historical overview. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2 S1), 479. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479
  • Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’too long: Consider the brief cope. International journal of behavioral medicine, 4(1), 92-100. DOI: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
  • Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 56(2), 267 – 283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
  • Cerbone, F. G., & Larison, C. L. (2000). A bibliographic essay: The relationship between stress and substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 35(5), 757-786. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080009148420
  • Cicognani, E. (2011). Coping strategies with minor stressors in adolescence: Relationships with social support, self‐efficacy, and psychological well‐being. Journal of Applied social psychology, 41(3), 559-578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00726.x
  • Cook, D., & Hayes, S. C. (2010). Acceptance-based coping and the psychological adjustment of Asian and Caucasian Americans. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6(3), 186. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100907
  • Dijkstra, M. T., & Homan, A. C. (2016). Engaging in rather than disengaging from stress: Effective coping and perceived control. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1415. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01415
  • Ebata, A. T., & Moos, R. H. (1991). Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 12(1), 33-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(91)90029-4
  • Fear, J. M., Champion, J. E., Reeslund, K. L., Forehand, R., Colletti, C., Roberts, L., & Compas, B. E. (2009). Parental depression and interparental conflict: Children and adolescents’ self-blame and coping responses. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), 762. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016381
  • Frydenberg, E. (1997). Adolescent coping: Theoretical and research perspectives. London: Routlege
  • Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (2009). Relations among well-being, avoidant coping, and active coping in a large sample of Australian adolescents. Psychological reports, 104(3), 745-758. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.104.3.745
  • Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder Jr, G. H. (2001). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental psychology, 37(3), 404
  • Goodwin, R. D. (2006). Association between coping with anger and feelings of depression among youths. American journal of public Health, 96(4), 664-669. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049742
  • Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J., Bond, F., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
  • Horwitz, A. G., Hill, R. M., & King, C. A. (2011). Specific coping behaviors in relation to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. Journal of adolescence, 34(5), 1077-1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.10.004
  • Kim, S. M., Han, D. H., Trksak, G. H., & Lee, Y. S. (2014). Gender differences in adolescent coping behaviors and suicidal ideation: findings from a sample of 73,238 adolescents. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(4), 439-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.876010
  • Le, T. L., (2019). The reality of psychological difficulties of middle school students in Thanh Hoa city. Journal of education, 8, 136-139.
  • National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (QH) (2019). Law on Anti Harmful Effect of Alcohol. No: 44/2019/QH14. Retrieved from https://luatvietnam.vn/an-ninh-trat-tu/luat-phong-chong-tac-hai-ruou-bia-2019-175006-d1.html
  • Nguyen, H. T. M., & Nguyen, N. A. T. (2019). Influence of school factors on emotional disorder risk in Vietnamese middle school students. Health Psychology Report, 7, 316–324. https://doi.org/10.5114/ hpr.2019.88664
  • Nguyen, T. M. H. (2014). Coping with Emotional Problems of Middle School Students. VNU Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities, 30(4), 25-34. https://js.vnu.edu.vn/SSH/article/view/1475
  • Nguyen, T. T. (2023). Psychological difficulties in the school environment of secondary school students in Tra Vinh city, Tra Vinh provice. Educational Sciences, 23(5), 222-226
  • Nguyen, T.H.P., Truong, T.X.N (2022). Supportive resources for students to cope with psychosocial stress (case study at Nguyen Van Linh secondary school, Hue city). Hue University Journal of Science: Social sciences and Humanities. 132 (6B), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.26459/hueunijssh.v131i6D.6545
  • Pham, T. M. & Pham, T. X. H. (2016). Coping to the Psychological Difficulties of 12th Grade Students of Thai Phien High School in Danang City. Journal of Science and Technology, Da Nang University, 2(99), 37 – 42.
  • Reeves, C. W., Nicholls, A. R., & McKenna, J. (2009). Stressors and coping strategies among early and middle adolescent premier league academy soccer players: Differences according to age. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802443768
  • Richardson, C. E., Magson, N. R., Fardouly, J., Oar, E. L., Forbes, M. K., Johnco, C. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2021). Longitudinal associations between coping strategies and psychopathology in pre-adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50, 1189-1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01330-x
  • Scardera, S., Perret, L. C., Ouellet-Morin, I., Gariépy, G., Juster, R. P., Boivin, M., ... & Geoffroy, M. C. (2020). Association of social support during adolescence with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in young adults. JAMA network open, 3(12), e2027491-e2027491. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27491
  • Schacter, H. L., & Juvonen, J. (2017). Depressive symptoms, friend distress, and self-blame: Risk factors for adolescent peer victimization. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 51, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.02.005
  • Seiffge‐Krenke, I. (2011). Coping with relationship stressors: A decade review. Journal of research on adolescence, 21(1), 196-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00723.x
  • Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2013). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social Indicators Research, 117 (2), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4
  • Steiner, H., Erickson, S. J., Hernandez, N. L., & Pavelski, R. (2002). Coping styles as correlates of health in high school students. Journal of adolescent health, 30(5), 326-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00326-3
  • Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping. Personality and social psychology review, 6(1), 2-30. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0601_1
  • Tilghman-Osborne, C., Cole, D. A., Felton, J. W., & Ciesla, J. A. (2008). Relation of guilt, shame, behavioral and characterological self-blame to depressive symptoms in adolescents over time. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 27(8), 809-842. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.809
  • Tran, T. L. T., Nguyen, T. N. A., Pham, T. D. T., & Nguyen, T. V. (2020). Psychological difficulties and the reality of school psychological support for middle and high school students in Ho Chi Minh City. HNUE Journal of Science, Educational Sciences, 65(9), 69- 80.
  • Turner, A. P., Larimer, M. E., Sarason, I. G., & Trupin, E. W. (2005). Identifying a negative mood subtype in incarcerated adolescents: Relationship to substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 30(7), 1442-1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.009
  • Vo, T. T. V. & Nguyen, P. C. A. (2011). Methods to manage unwanted emotions of middle school students. In Proceedings of the second International Conference on School Psychology in Vietnam, “Promoting School Psychology Research, Training and Practices in Vietnam (pp. 135–147). Hue University Press.
  • Vu, T. L., Luong, X. H., Le, T. H., Thanh, N. M. & Do, M. H (2018). Reality of Mental Health of Hanoi Secondary Students According to SDQ Scale in 2015. Ho Chi Minh City Journal of Medicine, 22 (4), 266 – 272
  • Wilson, G. S., Pritchard, M. E., & Revalee, B. (2005). Individual differences in adolescent health symptoms: The effects of gender and coping. Journal of adolescence, 28(3), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.08.004
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). Mental health of adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
  • Yoon, Y., Eisenstadt, M., Lereya, S. T., & Deighton, J. (2023). Gender difference in the change of adolescents’ mental health and subjective wellbeing trajectories. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(9), 1569-1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-01961-4.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical and Health Psychology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Thuy Nguyen 0000-0002-8009-307X

Lang Nguyen 0009-0009-5396-3162

Project Number number 274/2022/HĐ.HĐKH&ĐT-ĐHTV
Publication Date December 25, 2023
Acceptance Date October 17, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Nguyen, T., & Nguyen, L. (2023). Coping Behaviors and Psychological Difficulties: A case study of Middle School Students in Vietnam. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(4), 313-321. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.4.03