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KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 267 - 287, 17.06.2019

Abstract

Katun
Nehri, Sibirya’daki Altay Dağları’nın bozkırlarından çıkar. Ob Nehri’nin ana
kollarından biri olan Katun, yerli Altaylıların kültürünün merkezi olarak kabul
edilir. Önemli kültürel bölgelerin büyük bir bölümünü içeren Katun vadisi,
Neolitik dönemin ve Rusya’daki erken dönem insan yerleşimlerinin bir kısmının
tarihlendirildiği bir alandır. Günümüzde Altaylılar hala nehri ve havza boyunca
yayılan pınarları onurlandıran geleneksel törenlere uymakta ve arazilerin ve su
kaynaklarının yönetiminde geleneksel ekolojik bilgiyi kullanmaktadır. Rus ve
uluslararası bilim insanları,  Altay
dağlarını; bitki çeşitliliğinin ve endemik türlerin çok sayıda olduğu, kar
leoparı gibi nesli tükenmekte olan türlerin yaşam alanlarını kapsayan önemli
bir bölge olarak tanımlamaktadırlar. Katun Nehri’nin kendisi; tehdit altındaki
türleri, nesli tükenmekte olan balıkları ve yüksek oranda endemik türleri
barındırır ve onun kolları sıra dışı, yüksek endemizm oranıyla karakterize
edilen Moğol ihtiyofauna[1]
bölgesidir. Aynı bölgeler Altay insanları için özel ya da kutsal olarak kabul
edilir ve Batılı bilim insanları tarafından da korunması çok önemli olan bir
bölge olarak tanınır. Perestroyka dönemi boyunca Katun’da bir hidroelektrik
baraj inşa edilecekti. Yüzyılın projesi için eski Sovyet planının bir eseri
olan bu büyük baraj önemli tarımsal, ekolojik, eğlencelik ve kültürel
kaynakları tahrip ederdi. Yerli Altay halkı kutsal ve kültürel alanlarının
çoğunu kaybederdi. Katun barajı projesi; yerli halkı, tanınmış Sibiryalı
yazarları ve uluslararası toplulukları meşgul ederek Rus toplumu üzerinde
kalıcı etki bırakan etkili protestodaki bilim insanlarını birleştirdi.
Protestonun büyüklüğü Altay Dağları bölgesinin tüm Rusya için önemini
göstermektedir. Yerli Altaylıların aktif olarak katılımı; anayurtlarının
çevresel, kültürel ve dini değerlerini olumsuz etkileyen politik kararlara
karşı hareket geçme konusundaki geleneksel isteklerini yansıtıyordu. Onların
katılımı, Rusya’daki yerli halklar için, daha büyük bir saygıyı ve özyönetimi
vurgulayan perestroyka altındaki farklılığın yeni dalgasını yansıtmaktadır.





References

  • Alekseev, N. A. 1997. Shamans and their religious practices. Pages 49-109 in M. Balzer, editor. Shamanic worlds: Rit-uals and lore of Central Asia. North Castle Books, New York, New York, USA.
  • Annett, C. A., and Kh. Klubnikin. 1998. Observations of grassland aquatic communities in steppes of North America and Western Siberia. Ecological Congress International Journal 1: 13-22.
  • Babyueva, B. V., V. G. Mordkovich, Yu. S. Rankin, V. I. Faleyev, A. Yu. Kharitov, and Yu. G. Shevtsov. 1994. Zoo-logical resources of Siberia. Siberian Journal of Ecology 1:45-63.
  • Balzer, M. M. 1997. Introduction. Pages xiii-xxxii in M. M. Balzer, editor. Shamanic worlds: rituals and lore of Central Asia. North Castle Books, New York, New York, USA.
  • Barsh, R. L. 1997. Forests, indigenous people, and biodi-versity. Global Biodiversity 7:20-23.
  • Bobrick, B. 1992. East of the Sun: the epic conquest and tragic history of Siberia. Henry Holt, New York, New York, USA. Bothe, M., T. Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt. 1993. Introduction. Pages ix-xiii in M.
  • Bothe, T. Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt, editors. Amazonia and Siberia: legal aspects of the pres-ervation of environment and development in the last open spaces. Graham and Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, London, UK.
  • Chakma, K. 1994. Development, environment and indige-nous women in the Chittagong Hill tracts of Bangladesh.Pages 233-238 in A. F Krattiger, J. A. MacNeely, W. H. Lesser, K.
  • Miller, Y. St. Hill, and R. Senanayake, editors. Widening perspectives on biodiversity. IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the International Academy of the Environment, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Charland, J. W. 1996. The "problem-isolation paradigm" in resource management. Journal of Forestry 94:6-9.
  • Chemilinsky, E. 1991. On social science's contribution to government decision making. Science 254:226-231. Clark, J. G. 1995. Economic development versus sustainable societies: reflections on the players in a crucial contest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26:225-248.
  • Clarke, R. 1993. Water: the international crisis. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
  • Coquery, M., D. Cossa, and J. M. Martin. 1995. The distri-bution of dissolved and particulate mercury in three Si-berian estuaries and adjacent Arctic coastal waters. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80:653-665.
  • Eliade, M. 1964. Shamanism: archaic techniques of ecstasy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
  • Forsyth, J. 1994. A history of the peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Gerloff, J. U. 1993. Ecological conditions for further devel-opment of environmental policy and law in Amazonia and Siberia. Pages 28-33 in M. Bothe, T. Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt, editors. Amazonia and Siberia: legal aspects of the preservation of environment and development in the last open spaces. Graham and Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, London, UK.
  • Gleick, P. H. 1993. Water in crisis: a guide to the world's freshwater resources. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
  • Goldman, M. I. 1992. Environmentalism and nationalism: an unlikely twist in an unlikely direction. Pages 1-10 in J. M. Stewart, editor. The Soviet environment: problems, poli-cies, and politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Golubtsov, A. S., P. B. Berendzen, and C. A. Annett. 1999. Morphological variation and taxonomic status of the Altai osman Oreoleluciscus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the upper reaches of the Ob River system. Journal of Fish Biology 54:878-899.
  • Graber, L. 1976. Wilderness as a sacred space. Monograph Series Number 8. American Association of Geographers. Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Grant, B. 1993. Siberia hot and cold: reconstructing the im-age of Siberian indigenous peoples. Pages 227-254 in G. Diment and Y. Slezkine, editors. Between heaven and hell: the myth of Siberia in Russian culture. St. Martins Press, New York, New York, USA.
  • Grubb, M., M. Koch, A. Munson, F Sullivan, and K. Thom-son. 1993. The earth summit agreements: a guide and as-sessment. Earthscan Publications, London, UK.
  • Haltering, C. J. 1987. Russia and the golden horde: the Mon-gol impact on medieval Russian history. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
  • Harris, C. D. 1993. A geographic analysis of non-Russian minorities in Russia and its ethnic homelands. Post-Soviet Geography 34:543-597.
  • Has, M., and T. Zaochnaia. 1993. The present situation of indigenous peoples in Siberia. Pages 269-283 in M. Bothe, T. Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt, editors. Amazonia and Si-beria: legal aspects of the preservation of environment and development in the last open spaces. Graham and Trotman/ Martinus Nijhoff, London, UK.
  • Howes, G. J. 1991. Systematics and biogeography: an over-view. Pages 1-33 in I. J. Winfield and J. S. Nelson, editors. Cyprinid fishes: systematics, biology and exploitation. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
  • Hubbs, J. 1993. Mother Russia: the feminine myth in Russian culture. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
  • International Rivers Network. 1990. International opposition to Katun dam. World Rivers Review 5:9, 11.
  • IUCN-World Conservation Union. 1998. Documentation on World Heritage Properties (natural). World Heritage Com-mittee. Twenty-second Session. 30 November-5 December 1998, Kyoto, Japan. Gland, Switzerland.
  • IUCN Inter-Commission Task Force on Indigenous Peoples. 1997. Indigenous peoples and sustainability: cases and ac-tions. International Books, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • IWGIA (International Workgroup for Indigenous Affairs). 1990. Indigenous peoples of the Soviet north. Document number 67. International Secretariat for Indigenous Affairs. Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Jacanamejoy, G. M. 1994. Community participation in the conservation of biodiversity. Pages 229-232 in A. F Krat-tiger, J. A. MacNeely, W. H. Lesser, K. Miller, Y. St. Hill, and R. Senanayake, editors. Widening perspectives on bio-diversity. IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the International Academy of the Environment, Geneva, Swit-zerland.
  • Knystautas, A. 1987. The natural history of the USSR. MacGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
  • Koropachinsky, I. Y. 1996. Green book of Siberia: rare and requiring protection plant communities. Nauka (Siberian Publishing Firm RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.
  • Koropachinsky, I. Y., and V. P Sedelnikov. 1994. Plant re-sources of Siberia: their contemporary state and protection. Siberian Journal of Ecology 1:15-25.
  • Lele, S., and R. V. Norgaard. 1996. Sustainability and the scientist's burden. Conservation Biology 10:354-365.
  • Lincoln, W. B. 1994. The conquest of a continent: Siberia and the Russians. Random House, New York, New York, USA.
  • Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, and C. Waters. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from his-tory. Science 260:17-20.
  • McCulley, P. 1996. Silenced rivers; the ecology and politics of large dams. Zed Books, London, UK.
  • Mikkelson, G., and M. Winchell. 1989. Valentin Rasputin and his Siberia. Introduction. Pages ix-xxii in V. Rasputin. Siberia on fire. Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, Illinois, USA.
  • Osherenko, G. 1995. Indigenous political and property rights and economic/environmental reform in Northwest Siberia. Post-Soviet Geography 36:225-237.
  • Parthe, K. 1979. Foreword: Master of the island. Pages vii-xxiii in V. Rasputin. Farewell to Matyora. Northwest Uni-versity Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
  • Pierotti, R., and D. Wildcat. 1997. The science of ecology and Native American traditions. Winds of Change (Journal of the American Indian Science and Engineering Society) 12:(4)94-98.
  • Rasputin, V. 1979. Farewell to Matyora. Northwestern Uni-versity Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
  • Rasputin, V. 1989. Siberia on fire. Northern Illinois Univer-sity Press, DeKalb, Illinois, USA.
  • Rasputin, V. 1996. Siberia, Siberia. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
  • Rosencranz, A. 1993. Preserving the environment of Siberia. Pages 78-88 in M. Bothe, T.
  • Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt, editors. Amazonia and Siberia: legal aspects of the pres-ervation of the environment and development in the last open spaces. Graham and Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, Lon-don, UK.
  • Schulthess, B. 1994. The Earth Council's role in strength-ening indigenous peoples' participation in implementing the Convention on Biodiversity. Pages 225-227 in A. F Krattiger, J. A. MacNeely, W. H. Lesser, K. Miller, Y. St. Hill, and R. Senanayake, editors. Widening perspectives on biodiversity. IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the International Academy of the Environment, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Slezkine, Y. 1993. Savage Christians or unorthodox Rus-sians? The missionary dilemma in Siberia. Pages 15-32 in G. Diment and Y.
  • Slezkine, editors. Between heaven and hell: the myth of Siberia in Russian culture. St. Martins Press, New York, New York, USA. Slezkine, Y. 1994. Arctic mirrors: Russia and small peoples of the North. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
  • Sneath, D. 1998. State policy and pasture degradation in Inner Asia. Science 281:1147-1148.
  • Stewart, J. M. 1992. Air and water problems beyond the Urals. Pages 223-237 in J. M.
  • Stewart, editor. The Soviet environment: problems, policies and politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Sukhenko, S. A. 1995. Relation between mercury concen-tration and water discharge in the Katun River of Siberia. Marine and Freshwater Research 46:245-251.
  • Tuan, Yi-Fu. 1977. Space and place: the perspective of ex-perience. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
  • UNNGLS (United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Ser-vice). 1998. The United Nations and indigenous peoples. NGLS Roundup. December 1998-January 1999. United Nations, New York, New York, USA.
  • Weiner, D. R. 1999. A little corner of freedom: Russian nature protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. University of Cali-fornia Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
  • Winchell, M., and G. Mikkelson. 1996. Translator's intro-duction. Pages 1-31 in V. Rasputin. Siberia, Siberia. North-western University Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
  • Ziegler, C. E. 1992. Political participation, nationalism and environmental politics in the USSR. Pages 24-39 in J. M. Stewart, editor. The Soviet environment: problems, policies and politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

THE SACRED AND THE SCIENTIFIC: TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN SIBERIAN RIVER CONSERVATION

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 267 - 287, 17.06.2019

Abstract

The Katun River originates in the steppe of the
Altai Mountains in Siberia. One of the major headwaters of the Ob River, the
Katun is considered central to the culture of the indigenous Altaians. The
Katun Valley contains large numbers of important cultural sites, dating from
the Neolithic and representing some of the earliest human settlement in Russia.
Modern-day Altaians still observe traditional ceremonies honoring the river and
springs throughout the watershed and utilize traditional ecological knowledge
in their man-agement of the land and water resources. Russian and international
scientists have identified the Altai Mountains as a region of high plant
diversity and endemism, and as important habitat for endangered species such as
the snow leopard. The Katun River itself contains species of threatened and
endangered fishes, and its headwaters are part of the unusual Mongolian
ichthyofaunal province that is characterized by high levels of endemism. The
same regions are considered by the Altaian people to be special or sacred and
are recognized by Western scientists as having great value for conservation.
During the era of perestroika, a hydroelectric dam was to be built on the
Katun. The large dam, a vestige of the earlier Soviet plan for the Project of the
Century, would have devastated significant agricultural, ecological,
recreational, and cultural resources. The indigenous Altaian people would have
lost much of their sacred and cultural landscape. The Katun dam project united
indigenous people, well-known Siberian writers, and scientists in protest,
which became so heated that it engaged the international community, with
lasting effects on Russian society. The mag-nitude of the protest illustrates
the importance of the Altai Mountain region to all of Russia. The active
participation of indigenous Altaians reflected their traditional willingness to
take action against political decisions that negatively impacted the
environmental, cultural, and religious values of their homeland. Their
involvement also reflected the new wave of awareness under perestroika that
underscored a greater respect and autonomy for indigenous peoples in Russia. 

References

  • Alekseev, N. A. 1997. Shamans and their religious practices. Pages 49-109 in M. Balzer, editor. Shamanic worlds: Rit-uals and lore of Central Asia. North Castle Books, New York, New York, USA.
  • Annett, C. A., and Kh. Klubnikin. 1998. Observations of grassland aquatic communities in steppes of North America and Western Siberia. Ecological Congress International Journal 1: 13-22.
  • Babyueva, B. V., V. G. Mordkovich, Yu. S. Rankin, V. I. Faleyev, A. Yu. Kharitov, and Yu. G. Shevtsov. 1994. Zoo-logical resources of Siberia. Siberian Journal of Ecology 1:45-63.
  • Balzer, M. M. 1997. Introduction. Pages xiii-xxxii in M. M. Balzer, editor. Shamanic worlds: rituals and lore of Central Asia. North Castle Books, New York, New York, USA.
  • Barsh, R. L. 1997. Forests, indigenous people, and biodi-versity. Global Biodiversity 7:20-23.
  • Bobrick, B. 1992. East of the Sun: the epic conquest and tragic history of Siberia. Henry Holt, New York, New York, USA. Bothe, M., T. Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt. 1993. Introduction. Pages ix-xiii in M.
  • Bothe, T. Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt, editors. Amazonia and Siberia: legal aspects of the pres-ervation of environment and development in the last open spaces. Graham and Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, London, UK.
  • Chakma, K. 1994. Development, environment and indige-nous women in the Chittagong Hill tracts of Bangladesh.Pages 233-238 in A. F Krattiger, J. A. MacNeely, W. H. Lesser, K.
  • Miller, Y. St. Hill, and R. Senanayake, editors. Widening perspectives on biodiversity. IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the International Academy of the Environment, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Charland, J. W. 1996. The "problem-isolation paradigm" in resource management. Journal of Forestry 94:6-9.
  • Chemilinsky, E. 1991. On social science's contribution to government decision making. Science 254:226-231. Clark, J. G. 1995. Economic development versus sustainable societies: reflections on the players in a crucial contest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26:225-248.
  • Clarke, R. 1993. Water: the international crisis. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
  • Coquery, M., D. Cossa, and J. M. Martin. 1995. The distri-bution of dissolved and particulate mercury in three Si-berian estuaries and adjacent Arctic coastal waters. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80:653-665.
  • Eliade, M. 1964. Shamanism: archaic techniques of ecstasy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
  • Forsyth, J. 1994. A history of the peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Gerloff, J. U. 1993. Ecological conditions for further devel-opment of environmental policy and law in Amazonia and Siberia. Pages 28-33 in M. Bothe, T. Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt, editors. Amazonia and Siberia: legal aspects of the preservation of environment and development in the last open spaces. Graham and Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, London, UK.
  • Gleick, P. H. 1993. Water in crisis: a guide to the world's freshwater resources. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
  • Goldman, M. I. 1992. Environmentalism and nationalism: an unlikely twist in an unlikely direction. Pages 1-10 in J. M. Stewart, editor. The Soviet environment: problems, poli-cies, and politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Golubtsov, A. S., P. B. Berendzen, and C. A. Annett. 1999. Morphological variation and taxonomic status of the Altai osman Oreoleluciscus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the upper reaches of the Ob River system. Journal of Fish Biology 54:878-899.
  • Graber, L. 1976. Wilderness as a sacred space. Monograph Series Number 8. American Association of Geographers. Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Grant, B. 1993. Siberia hot and cold: reconstructing the im-age of Siberian indigenous peoples. Pages 227-254 in G. Diment and Y. Slezkine, editors. Between heaven and hell: the myth of Siberia in Russian culture. St. Martins Press, New York, New York, USA.
  • Grubb, M., M. Koch, A. Munson, F Sullivan, and K. Thom-son. 1993. The earth summit agreements: a guide and as-sessment. Earthscan Publications, London, UK.
  • Haltering, C. J. 1987. Russia and the golden horde: the Mon-gol impact on medieval Russian history. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
  • Harris, C. D. 1993. A geographic analysis of non-Russian minorities in Russia and its ethnic homelands. Post-Soviet Geography 34:543-597.
  • Has, M., and T. Zaochnaia. 1993. The present situation of indigenous peoples in Siberia. Pages 269-283 in M. Bothe, T. Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt, editors. Amazonia and Si-beria: legal aspects of the preservation of environment and development in the last open spaces. Graham and Trotman/ Martinus Nijhoff, London, UK.
  • Howes, G. J. 1991. Systematics and biogeography: an over-view. Pages 1-33 in I. J. Winfield and J. S. Nelson, editors. Cyprinid fishes: systematics, biology and exploitation. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
  • Hubbs, J. 1993. Mother Russia: the feminine myth in Russian culture. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
  • International Rivers Network. 1990. International opposition to Katun dam. World Rivers Review 5:9, 11.
  • IUCN-World Conservation Union. 1998. Documentation on World Heritage Properties (natural). World Heritage Com-mittee. Twenty-second Session. 30 November-5 December 1998, Kyoto, Japan. Gland, Switzerland.
  • IUCN Inter-Commission Task Force on Indigenous Peoples. 1997. Indigenous peoples and sustainability: cases and ac-tions. International Books, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
  • IWGIA (International Workgroup for Indigenous Affairs). 1990. Indigenous peoples of the Soviet north. Document number 67. International Secretariat for Indigenous Affairs. Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Jacanamejoy, G. M. 1994. Community participation in the conservation of biodiversity. Pages 229-232 in A. F Krat-tiger, J. A. MacNeely, W. H. Lesser, K. Miller, Y. St. Hill, and R. Senanayake, editors. Widening perspectives on bio-diversity. IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the International Academy of the Environment, Geneva, Swit-zerland.
  • Knystautas, A. 1987. The natural history of the USSR. MacGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
  • Koropachinsky, I. Y. 1996. Green book of Siberia: rare and requiring protection plant communities. Nauka (Siberian Publishing Firm RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.
  • Koropachinsky, I. Y., and V. P Sedelnikov. 1994. Plant re-sources of Siberia: their contemporary state and protection. Siberian Journal of Ecology 1:15-25.
  • Lele, S., and R. V. Norgaard. 1996. Sustainability and the scientist's burden. Conservation Biology 10:354-365.
  • Lincoln, W. B. 1994. The conquest of a continent: Siberia and the Russians. Random House, New York, New York, USA.
  • Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, and C. Waters. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from his-tory. Science 260:17-20.
  • McCulley, P. 1996. Silenced rivers; the ecology and politics of large dams. Zed Books, London, UK.
  • Mikkelson, G., and M. Winchell. 1989. Valentin Rasputin and his Siberia. Introduction. Pages ix-xxii in V. Rasputin. Siberia on fire. Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, Illinois, USA.
  • Osherenko, G. 1995. Indigenous political and property rights and economic/environmental reform in Northwest Siberia. Post-Soviet Geography 36:225-237.
  • Parthe, K. 1979. Foreword: Master of the island. Pages vii-xxiii in V. Rasputin. Farewell to Matyora. Northwest Uni-versity Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
  • Pierotti, R., and D. Wildcat. 1997. The science of ecology and Native American traditions. Winds of Change (Journal of the American Indian Science and Engineering Society) 12:(4)94-98.
  • Rasputin, V. 1979. Farewell to Matyora. Northwestern Uni-versity Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
  • Rasputin, V. 1989. Siberia on fire. Northern Illinois Univer-sity Press, DeKalb, Illinois, USA.
  • Rasputin, V. 1996. Siberia, Siberia. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
  • Rosencranz, A. 1993. Preserving the environment of Siberia. Pages 78-88 in M. Bothe, T.
  • Kurzidem, and C. Schmidt, editors. Amazonia and Siberia: legal aspects of the pres-ervation of the environment and development in the last open spaces. Graham and Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff, Lon-don, UK.
  • Schulthess, B. 1994. The Earth Council's role in strength-ening indigenous peoples' participation in implementing the Convention on Biodiversity. Pages 225-227 in A. F Krattiger, J. A. MacNeely, W. H. Lesser, K. Miller, Y. St. Hill, and R. Senanayake, editors. Widening perspectives on biodiversity. IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the International Academy of the Environment, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Slezkine, Y. 1993. Savage Christians or unorthodox Rus-sians? The missionary dilemma in Siberia. Pages 15-32 in G. Diment and Y.
  • Slezkine, editors. Between heaven and hell: the myth of Siberia in Russian culture. St. Martins Press, New York, New York, USA. Slezkine, Y. 1994. Arctic mirrors: Russia and small peoples of the North. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
  • Sneath, D. 1998. State policy and pasture degradation in Inner Asia. Science 281:1147-1148.
  • Stewart, J. M. 1992. Air and water problems beyond the Urals. Pages 223-237 in J. M.
  • Stewart, editor. The Soviet environment: problems, policies and politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Sukhenko, S. A. 1995. Relation between mercury concen-tration and water discharge in the Katun River of Siberia. Marine and Freshwater Research 46:245-251.
  • Tuan, Yi-Fu. 1977. Space and place: the perspective of ex-perience. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
  • UNNGLS (United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Ser-vice). 1998. The United Nations and indigenous peoples. NGLS Roundup. December 1998-January 1999. United Nations, New York, New York, USA.
  • Weiner, D. R. 1999. A little corner of freedom: Russian nature protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. University of Cali-fornia Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
  • Winchell, M., and G. Mikkelson. 1996. Translator's intro-duction. Pages 1-31 in V. Rasputin. Siberia, Siberia. North-western University Press, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
  • Ziegler, C. E. 1992. Political participation, nationalism and environmental politics in the USSR. Pages 24-39 in J. M. Stewart, editor. The Soviet environment: problems, policies and politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Translations
Authors

Berkant Örkün 0000-0002-5376-2151

Publication Date June 17, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Örkün, B. (2019). KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 267-287.
AMA Örkün B. KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ. KAD. June 2019;1(2):267-287.
Chicago Örkün, Berkant. “KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 1, no. 2 (June 2019): 267-87.
EndNote Örkün B (June 1, 2019) KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 2 267–287.
IEEE B. Örkün, “KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ”, KAD, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 267–287, 2019.
ISNAD Örkün, Berkant. “KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 1/2 (June 2019), 267-287.
JAMA Örkün B. KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ. KAD. 2019;1:267–287.
MLA Örkün, Berkant. “KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 2, 2019, pp. 267-8.
Vancouver Örkün B. KUTSAL VE BİLİMSEL: SİBİRYA NEHRİ’NİN KORUNMASINDA GELENEKSEL EKOLOJİK BİLGİ. KAD. 2019;1(2):267-8.