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Eski İskandinav Edebiyatında ve Hukukunda Eşcinselliğin Temsili

Year 2021, Issue: 8, 175 - 185, 08.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.866788

Abstract

Bu makale, popüler olarak Vikingler olarak bilinen erken Ortaçağ İskandinav halkları arasındaki eşcinselliğin kanıtlarını incelemeyi önermektedir. Ortaçağ’dan kalan İz-landa ve Norveç'ten çeşitli edebi, yasal ve dini kaynaklar, Vikinglerin eşcinselliğe yönelik tutumlarına dolaylı bir pencere sunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında Njal's Saga, Ljósvetninga Saga, Kristni Saga, Gisla Saga, Biskupa Sögur Íslenska Bókmenntafélag ve Fóstbræðra Saga gibi destanların yanı sıra Eddaic şiirleri Lokasenna ve Þrymskviða yer almaktadır. Bu edebi tanıklık, Gulathing Yasası ve Gray Goose Yasaları'nın (Gragas) yanı sıra Staðarhólsbók ve Icelandic Homily Book'dan gelen kanıtlarla desteklenmektedir. Eşcinsellik Eski İskandinav dilinde "nið" olarak adlandırılmaktadır ve bu terim belirli eylemlere veya davranışlara göre değişmektedir. Destanlarda "nið" kelimesi bir korkak, cinsel sapık ya da bir eşcinsel olduğunu belirtmek için farklı an-lamlarla çeşitli şekillerde kullanılmıştır. Kelime çoğunlukla Vikingler için aşağı yukarı eşanlamlı olan korkak ve eşcinsel anlamında kullanılmıştır.

References

  • Clover, Carol J. (1993). “Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe”. Speculum, 68: 2: 363-387.
  • Dennis, Andrew, et al. (ed. & trans.) (1980). Laws of Early Iceland. Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press.
  • Denton, Chad (2015). The War on Sex: Western Repression from the Torah to Victoria. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
  • Finsen, Vilhjalmur (ed. & trans.) (1852). Grágás, Islændernes Lovbog i Fristatens Tid, dg. efter det kongelige Bibliotheks haanskrift, vols. I–II. Copenhagen: Berling.
  • Gíslason, Konráður (ed.) (1852). Fóstbræðra Saga. Copenhagen: Berlingske bogtrykkeri.
  • Jesch, Judith (2015). The Viking Diaspora. Oxford: Routledge.
  • Sigurðsson, Jón, and Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1858). Biskupa Sögur Íslenska Bókmenntafélag. Copenhagen: S. L. Møller.
  • Sørensen, Preben Meulengracht (1983). The Unmanly Man: Concepts of Sexual Defamation in Early Northern Society. Odense: Odense University.
  • URL-1: “Gísla saga Súrssonar, Icelandic Saga Database”. http://sagadb.org/gisla_saga_surssonar.is (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-2: “Hrafnkels saga freysgoða, Icelandic Saga Database”. http://saga-db.org/hrafnkels_saga_freysgoda.on (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-3: “Ljósvetninga saga, Icelandic Saga Database”. http://sagadb.org/ ljosvetninga_saga.is (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-4: “Lokasenna. Völuspá-Norse and Germanic Lore Site with Old Norse/ English Translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda. www.voluspa. org/lokasenna.htm (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-5: “Þrymskviða. Völuspá-Norse and Germanic Lore Site with Old Norse/ English Translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda”. www.voluspa. org/thrymskvida16-20.htm (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-6: “The Story of Brunt Njal, Icelandic Saga Database”. http://sagadb. org/brennu-njals_saga.en (Date of access: 10.12.2020).

The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law

Year 2021, Issue: 8, 175 - 185, 08.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.866788

Abstract

This paper proposes to examine the evidence for homosexuality among the early medieval Scandinavian peoples, popularly known as the Vikings. A variety of literary, legal, and religious sources from medieval Iceland and Norway provide an indirect window on Viking attitudes towards homosexuality. These include sagas such as Njal's Saga, Ljósvetninga Saga, Kristni Saga, Gisla Saga, Biskupa Sögur Íslenska Bókmenntafélag, and Fóstbræðra Saga along with the Eddaic poems Lokasenna and Þrymskviða. This literary testimony may be supplemented by evidence from the Law of Gulathing and the Gray Goose Laws (Gragas), as well as Staðarhólsbók and the Icelandic Homily Book. Homosexuality was termed "nið” in Old Norse, and the term varies according to certain actions or behaviour. In the sagas, the word "nið” was used in several ways with different meanings, to denote a coward, sexual pervert, or a homosexual. The word was mostly used in the meaning of coward and homosexual which were more or less synonymous for the Vikings.

References

  • Clover, Carol J. (1993). “Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe”. Speculum, 68: 2: 363-387.
  • Dennis, Andrew, et al. (ed. & trans.) (1980). Laws of Early Iceland. Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press.
  • Denton, Chad (2015). The War on Sex: Western Repression from the Torah to Victoria. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
  • Finsen, Vilhjalmur (ed. & trans.) (1852). Grágás, Islændernes Lovbog i Fristatens Tid, dg. efter det kongelige Bibliotheks haanskrift, vols. I–II. Copenhagen: Berling.
  • Gíslason, Konráður (ed.) (1852). Fóstbræðra Saga. Copenhagen: Berlingske bogtrykkeri.
  • Jesch, Judith (2015). The Viking Diaspora. Oxford: Routledge.
  • Sigurðsson, Jón, and Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1858). Biskupa Sögur Íslenska Bókmenntafélag. Copenhagen: S. L. Møller.
  • Sørensen, Preben Meulengracht (1983). The Unmanly Man: Concepts of Sexual Defamation in Early Northern Society. Odense: Odense University.
  • URL-1: “Gísla saga Súrssonar, Icelandic Saga Database”. http://sagadb.org/gisla_saga_surssonar.is (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-2: “Hrafnkels saga freysgoða, Icelandic Saga Database”. http://saga-db.org/hrafnkels_saga_freysgoda.on (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-3: “Ljósvetninga saga, Icelandic Saga Database”. http://sagadb.org/ ljosvetninga_saga.is (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-4: “Lokasenna. Völuspá-Norse and Germanic Lore Site with Old Norse/ English Translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda. www.voluspa. org/lokasenna.htm (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-5: “Þrymskviða. Völuspá-Norse and Germanic Lore Site with Old Norse/ English Translations of the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda”. www.voluspa. org/thrymskvida16-20.htm (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
  • URL-6: “The Story of Brunt Njal, Icelandic Saga Database”. http://sagadb. org/brennu-njals_saga.en (Date of access: 10.12.2020).
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Turkish Folklore, Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Oğulcan Çelik 0000-0001-8752-3194

Publication Date March 8, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 8

Cite

APA Çelik, O. (2021). The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi(8), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.866788
AMA Çelik O. The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law. KAD. March 2021;(8):175-185. doi:10.46250/kulturder.866788
Chicago Çelik, Oğulcan. “The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 8 (March 2021): 175-85. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.866788.
EndNote Çelik O (March 1, 2021) The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 175–185.
IEEE O. Çelik, “The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law”, KAD, no. 8, pp. 175–185, March 2021, doi: 10.46250/kulturder.866788.
ISNAD Çelik, Oğulcan. “The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 (March 2021), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.866788.
JAMA Çelik O. The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law. KAD. 2021;:175–185.
MLA Çelik, Oğulcan. “The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law”. Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 8, 2021, pp. 175-8, doi:10.46250/kulturder.866788.
Vancouver Çelik O. The Representation of Homosexuality in Old Norse Literature and Law. KAD. 2021(8):175-8.
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