Bizans Sanatında Monogram

Year 2023, Issue: 18, 257 - 281, 10.09.2023

Dilek Maktal Canko

https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1312339

Abstract

İsim, unvan veya bir dua belirten bir dizi harfin bileşimi ile oluşan bir sembol olan monogramlar, Erken Hristiyanlık dünyasından itibaren Bizans sembolizminde önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Nomina sacra’dan türeyerek kutsal karakterler için sembol haline gelen kutsal kişilerin monogramları, apotropaik işlev görmüştür. Seküler monogramlar ise, dünyevi kişilerin veya grupların isimlerine atıfta bulunmuşlar ve en yaygın olarak imparatorluk sanat eserleri üzerinde görülmüşlerdir. Bunların işlevleri ise, dini monogramlardan farklıdır. Üzerinde yer aldıkları nesneyle bütünleşerek sahiplik, iktidar ve güç sembolü olmuşlardır. Günümüzde araştırmacılar için monogramların en önemli problemi, harflerin yerleştirilme sistematiği bulunamadığı için okunmasının hipotezden öteye geçmemesidir. Ayrıca, mimari yapılar, mücevherler gibi kişisel kullanım eşyaları, seramik ve tekstil üzerindeki monogramların işlevi hala tartışılmaktadır. Antik çağlardan Bizans’a miras kalan monogramları şekilsel olarak dört kategoriye ayırmak gereklidir: Kutu monogramlar, haç monogramlar, çubuk monogramlar ve yan yana bitişik harf monogramlar. Bu makalede, Bizans görsel kayıtlarındaki monogramların çeşitlerini sistematize etmek ve işlevleri konusunda tartışmak amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

monogram, Bizans sanatı, semboller, erken Hristiyanlık sanatı, monogram çeşitleri

Monogram in Byzantine Art

Abstract

Monograms, symbols formed by the combination of a name, title or a series of letters indicating a prayer, have taken an important place in Byzantine symbolism since the early Christian world. Monograms of holy persons, derived from the nomina sacra and became symbols for the sacred characters, served an apotropaic function. Secular monograms, on the other hand, referred to the names of secular persons or groups and were most commonly seen in imperial artworks. Their functions are different from religious monograms. They became a symbol of ownership, power and power by integrating with the object on which they are located. For today's researchers, the most important problem with monograms is that their reading does not go beyond a hypothesis, since the systematics of placement of letters cannot be found. In addition, the function of monograms on architectural structures, personal use items such as jewellery, ceramics, and textiles are still debated. It is necessary to formally divide the monograms inherited from the ancient times to Byzantium into four categories: Box monograms, cross monograms, bar monograms, and juxtaposition monograms. In this article, it was aimed to systematize the types of monograms in the Byzantine visual records and to discuss their functions.

Keywords

monogram, Byzantine art, symbols, Early Christian art, types of monogram

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