Neolitik’ten Demir Çağı’na Anadolu'da Tilki-İnsan İlişkileri: Zooarkeolojik ve Etnoarkeolojik Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2024, Issue: 21, 307 - 331, 10.06.2024

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar

https://doi.org/10.46250/kulturder.1447505

Abstract

Bu çalışma, zooarkeolojik ve etnoarkeolojik veriler kullanarak Erken Neolitik Çağ'dan Kalkolitik, Tunç ve Demir Çağ’a dek Anadolu'daki tilkilerin rollerini araştırmaktadır. Anadolu'daki 31 farklı yerleşimden toplanan zooarkeolojik verilerle, tilki-insan ilişkilerinin gelişim süreci incelenmiştir. Bunlarla birlikte çalışmada, tilkilerin beslenme, kürk, sembolizm ve ritüel gibi çeşitli yönleri ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca Anadolu’da ve günümüz avcı-toplayıcı topluluklarının etnografik verileri kullanılarak, tilki-insan ilişkilerinin bilinmeyen yönlerine dair etnoarkeolojik bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; avcılık-toplayıcılık dönemlerinde tilkilerin küçük memeli hayvan avcılığının beslenme ekonomisinde önemli bir rol oynadığı, Neolitik Çağ'ın gelişimiyle birlikte ise kürk, sembolizm, ritüel gibi pek çok amaçla kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Neolitik Çağ sonra tilkilerin kullanımındaki çeşitliliğin azaldığı ve daha çok pastoral grupların tilkileri beslenme ve sembolik amaçlarla kullandıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Tunç Çağ boyunca devletleşme süreciyle paralel olarak, sadece edebi metinlerde tilkiler hakkında kayıtlar bulunmuştur. Ancak, edebi metinlerde yansıtılmayan ilişkilerin arka planı hakkında yeterli veri olmamasına rağmen, Anadolu'da arkeolojik dönemler boyunca tilkilerle insanlar arasındaki ilişkilerin pastoralist topluluklar tarafından sürdürüldüğü anlaşılmaktadır.

Keywords

tilki, Neolitik, Demir Çağ, etnoarkeoloji, zooarkeoloji

Fox-Human Relations in Anatolia from the Neolithic to the Iron Age: A Zooarchaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Assessment

Abstract

This study investigates the roles of foxes in Anatolia from the Early Neolithic to the Chalcolithic, Bronze, and Iron Ages using zooarchaeological and ethnoarchaeological data. The developmental process of fox-human relationships was examined using zooarchaeological data collected from 31 different settlements in Anatolia. Additionally, various aspects of foxes such as diet, fur, symbolism, and rituals were addressed in the study. Furthermore, an ethnoarchaeological evaluation was conducted on unknown aspects of fox-human relationships using ethnographic data from Anatolia and contemporary hunter-gatherer communities. According to the findings, it is understood that foxes played an important role in the subsistence economy of small mammal hunting during the hunter-gatherer periods, while they were utilized for various purposes such as fur, symbolism, and rituals with the development of the Neolithic Ages. It has been revealed that the diversity in the use of foxes decreased after the Neolithic period, and they were predominantly used for dietary and symbolic purposes by pastoral groups. Parallel to the process of state formation during the Bronze Ages, records about foxes were found only in literary texts. However, despite the lack of sufficient data on the background of relationships not reflected in literary texts, it is understood that relationships between foxes and humans in Anatolia were maintained by pastoralist communities throughout historical periods.

Keywords

fox, Neolithic, Iron Age, ethnoarchaeology, zooarchaeology

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