The Effect of Different Transport Distances and Season on Meat Quality Characteristics of Broiler Chicken in Commercial Slaughter Conditions

Year 2022, , 239 - 250, 30.09.2022

Yavuz Çobanbaşı Bülent Teke

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1058965

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of season and transport distance on meat quality characteristics of broiler chicken in commercial transport and slaughter conditions. The study was carried out on Ross 308 broiler chickens reared under similar commercial conditions from three different seasons (summer, autumn and winter) and three different transport distances (40 km, 70 km and 130 km). Meat samples were taken on July, October, and December for summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively during 2018. Broilers in trucks were waited in holding barn for 1 h. A total of 135 broilers, 15 samples per transport distance, were randomly selected to determine meat quality characteristics, (3 seasons × 3 transport distances × 15 samples). Meat colour parameters, pH4h, drip loss, cooking loss and Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) was determined. In winter, pH4h, a*24h and b*24h were higher than other seasons, while L*24h, drip loss and WBSF were lower than other seasons. The incidence of PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat was the highest in summer (26.67%), while the incidence of DFD (dark, firm, dry) meat was the highest in winter (53.33%). The lowest incidence of normal breast meat was in winter season. In conclusion, incidence of normal breast meat decreased when broiler chickens were transported in winter. However, incidence of PSE meat was the highest in summer season. Transport distance affected adversely the some meat quality characteristics and this effect was most pronounced in summer season. In order to improve the meat quality, as much as possible, transportation of broiler chickens should be carried out within thermal comfort zone ranges and in short distance transport.

Keywords

Animal welfare, DFD meat, Meat quality, PSE meat, Transportation

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Scientific Project Office of Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun Turkey (PYO.VET.1904.18.011).

Project Number

PYO.VET.1904.18.011

Thanks

The authors also thank Prof. Dr. Bülent EKİZ for assistance in meat analysis.

Ticari Kesim Koşullarında Etlik Piliçlerde Farklı Nakil Mesafelerinin Ve Mevsimin Et Kalitesine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu araştırma ticari nakil ve kesim koşullarında etlik piliçlerin et kalite özellikleri üzerine mevsimin ve nakil mesafesinin etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu araştırma benzer ticari koşullar altında yetiştirilen 3 farklı mevsim (yaz, sonbahar ve kış) ve 3 farklı nakil mesafesinde (40 km, 70 km ve 130 km) kesimhaneye nakledilen Ross 308 hattı etlik piliçler üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Et örnekleri 2018 yılında yaz, sonbahar ve kış mevsimleri için sırasıyla Temmuz, Ekim ve Aralık aylarında alınmıştır. Etlik piliçlere nakil aracı içinde 1 saat dinlenme süresi uygulanmıştır. Her mevsimde her bir nakil mesafesi için 15’er örnek olmak üzere toplam 135 etlik piliç (3 mevsim × 3 nakil mesafesi × 15 örnek) et kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için rastgele seçilmiştir. Et rengi, pH4h, damlama kaybı, pişirme kaybı ve Warner Bratzler kesme kuvveti (WBSF) belirlenmiştir. Kış mevsiminde pH4h, a*24h ve b*24h değeri diğer mevsimlerden daha yüksek iken L*24h, damlama kaybı ve WBSF değeri diğer mevsimlerden daha düşük bulunmuştur. PSE (soluk, yumuşak, sulu) etin insidensi yaz mevsiminde en yüksek iken (%26.67), DFD (koyu, sert, kuru) etin insidensi ise kış mevsiminde en yüksek olarak tespit edilmiştir (%53.33). En düşük normal et insidensi kış mevsiminde bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, kış mevsiminde etlik piliçlerin nakli normal et insidensinin düşmesi ile sonuçlanmıştır. Diğer taraftan, PSE etin insidensi ise en yüksek yaz mevsiminde bulunmuştur. Nakil mesafesinin artışı bazı et kalite özelliklerini olumsuz olarak etkilemiş ve en çok bu etki yaz mevsiminde gözlenmiştir. Etlik piliçlerin et kalite özelliklerinin olumsuz olarak etkilenmemesi için özellikle yaz mevsiminde uzun mesafe nakillerden kaçınmak ve termal konfor zonu aralıklarında naklin yapılması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

DFD et, Et kalitesi, Hayvan refahı, Nakil, PSE et

Project Number

PYO.VET.1904.18.011

References

• Altınel A. Özel Zootekni (Tavuk Yetiştirme), İstanbul. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayını, Ders Notu No: 1999; 103: 1-38.
• Anonymous. İstatistikler. http://www.besd-bir.org/istatistikler, Accessian date: 14.06.2019. Appleby MC, Cussen VA, Garces L, Lambert LA, Turner J. Long distance transport and welfare of farm animals. ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 403 3, Biddles, Kings Lynn, UK, 2008.
• Barbut S. Problem of pale exudative meat in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 1997; 38: 355-358.
• Barbut S, Zhang L, Marcone M. Effects of pale, normal, and dark chicken breast meat on microstructure, extractable proteins, and cooking of marinated fillets. Poult Sci. 2005; 84:797-802.
• Bianchi M, Fletcher DL, Smith DP. Physical and functional properties of intact and ground pale broiler breast meat. Poult Sci. 2005; 84:803-808.
• Bianchi M, Petracci M, Cavani C. The influence of genotype, market live weight, transportation and holding conditions prior to slaughter on broiler breast meat color. Poult Sci. 2006; 85:123-128.
• Bianchi M, Petracci M, Sirri F, Folegatti E, Franchini A, Meluzzi A. The Influence of the season and market class of broiler chickens on breast meat quality traits. Poult Sci. 2007; 86: 959-963.
• Burgess K, Pickett H. Supermarkets and Farm Animal Welfare ‘Raising the Standard’. Compassionin World Farming Trust, Petersfield, UK, 2006.
• Cashman CJ, Nicole CJ, Jones RB. Effect of transportation on the tonic immobilityfear reaction of broilers. Br Poult Sci. 1989; 30:211-222.
• CIE. Centre Internationale de L’Eclairage. Definition dun space de coleur por deux coordonees de cromaticite et la luminosite. 1976 Supplement 2 to CIE publication no 15 (E-1-3-1) 1971/ (TC-1-3). Cente Internationale de L’Eclairage, Paris.
• Çınar H. Kanatlı eti ve yumurta.TEAE-Bakış. 2007; 9(14), Ankara.
• Dadgar S, Lee ES, Leer TL, Burlinguette N, Classen HL, Crowe TG, Shand PJ. Effect of microclimate temperature during transportation of broiler chickens on quality of the pectoralis major muscle. Poult Sci. 2010; 89:1033-1041.
• Dadgar S, Lee ES, Leer TLV, Classen HL, Crowe TG, Shand PJ. Effect of acute cold exposure, age, sex, and lairage on broiler breast meat quality. Poult Sci. 2011; 90: 444-457.
• Debut M, Berri CE, Baeza N, Sellier C, Arnould D, Guemene N, Hehl B, Boutten Y, Jego C, Beaumont Le Bihan- Duval E. Variation of chicken technological meat quality in relation to genotype and pre-slaughter stress conditions. Poult Sci 2003; 82:1829-1838.
• Elrom, K. Handling and transportation of broilers-welfare, stress, fear and meat quality. PartIII: fear; definitions, its relation to stress, causes of fear, responses of fear and measurement of fear. Isr J Vet Med. 2000; 55(3):1-7.
• Elsayed MA. Effects of Length of Shipping Distance and Season of the Year Temperature Stress on Death Rates and Physiological Condition of Broilers on Arrival to Slaughterhouse. J Nucl Tech Appl Sci. 2014; 2(4): 453-463.
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The welfare of animals during transport. Scientific Report of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from Commission related to the welfare of animals during transport. 2004; EFSA-Q-2003–094.
• FAWC. Report on the European Commission Proposals on the Transport of Animals. London: MAFF Publications, 1991.
• Fletcher DL. Color variation in commercial packaged broiler breast fillets. J Appl Poult Res. 1999:8:67-69.
• Galobart J, Moran Jr. ET. Refrigeration and freeze thaw effects on broiler fillets having extreme L* values. Poult Sci. 2004; 83:1433-1439.
• Holm CGP, Fletcher DL. Antemortem holding temperatures and broiler breast meat quality. J Appl Poult Res. 1997; 6:180-184.
• Honikel KO. Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristics of meat. Meat Sci. 1998; 49:447-457.
• Isabel Guerrero-L. Handbook of Poultry Science and Technology Primary Processing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN 978-0-470-18552-0, Volume 1, 2010.
• Kannan G, Heath JL, Wabeck CJ, Souza MCP, Howe JC, Mench JA. Effects of crating and transport on stress and meat quality characteristics in broilers. Poult Sci. 1997; 76:523-529.
• Knierim U, Gocke A. Effect of catching broilers by hand or machine on rates of injuries and dead-on-arrivals. Animal Welfare 2003; 12(1):63-73.
• Langer ROS, Simões GS, Soares AL, Oba A, Rossa A, Shimokomaki M, Ida EI. Broiler transportation conditions in a Brazilian commercial line and the occurrence of breast PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) meat and DFD-like (Dark, Firm, Dry) meat. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2009; 53(5):1161-1167.
• Lara LJ, Rostagno MH. Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Production. Animals 2013; 3: 356-369.
• Lesiow T, Oziemblowski M, Szkudlarek S. Incidence of PSE and DFD in chicken broiler breast muscles 24 h p.m. Proceedings of XVIII European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat and XII European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products, Prague, Czech Republic, 2007; pp. 265-266.
• Makkar HPS, Tran G, Heuze V, Ankers P. State of the art on use of insects as animal feed. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 2014; 197:1-33.
• McKee SR, Sams AR. The effect of seasonal heat stress on rigor development and the incidence of pale, soft and exudative turkey meat. Poult Sci. 1997;76:1616-1620.
• Mitchell MA, Kettlewell PJ. Physiological stress and welfare of broiler chickens in transit: solutions not problem! Poult Sci. 1998; 77:1803-1814.
• Mitchell MA, Kettlewell PJ, Hunter RR, Carlisle AJ. Physiological stress responsemodelling-application to the broiler transport thermal environment. Livestock Environment IV:Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), St Joseph, Michigan, 2001.
• Nijdam E, Arens P, Lambooij E, Decuypere E, Stegeman JA. Factors influencing bruises and mortality of broilers during catching, transport, and lairage. Poult Sci. 2004; 83:1610-1615. Nijdam E, Delezie E, Lambooij E, Nabuurs MJ, Decuypere E, Stegeman JA. Feed withdrawal of broilers before transport changes plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. Poult Sci. 2005; 84:1146-1152.
• Oba, A, Almeida M, Pinheiro JW, Ida EI, Marchi DF, Soares AL, Shimokomaki M. The effect of management of transport and lairage conditions on broiler chicken breast meat quality and DOA (Death on Arrival). Braz Arch Boil Technol. 2009;52:205-211.
• Owens CM, Sams AR. The influence of transportation on turkey meat quality. Poult Sci. 2000; 79:1204-1207.
• Öztürk E. Yumurta ve piliç eti kalitesi güncel bakım ve besleme uygulamalarından etkilenir mi? Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi. 2016; 13(2):5-11.
• Pekel AY, Demirel G, Midilli M, Yalcintan H, Ekiz B, Alp M. Comparison of broiler meat quality when fed diets supplemented with neutralized sunflower soapstock or soybean oil. Poult Sci. 2012; 91:2361-2369.
• Petracci M, Bianchi M, Betti M, Cavani C. Color variation and characterization of broiler breast meat during processing in Italy. Poult Sci. 2004; 83:2086-2092.
• Petracci M, Bianchi M, Cavani C. The European on pale, soft, exudative condition in poultry. Poult Sci. 2009; 88:1518-1523.
• Petracci M, Fletcher DL, Northcutt JK. The effect of holding temperature on live shrink, processing yield, and breast meat quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2001; 80: 670-675.
• Qiao M, Fletcher DL, Smith DP, Northcutt JK. The effect of broiler breast meat color on pH, moisture, water holding capacity, and emulsification capacity. Poult Sci. 2001; 80:676-680.
• Sandercock DA, Hunter RR, Nute GR, Mitchell MA, Hocking PM. Acute heat stress-induced alterations in blood acid-base status and skeletal muscle membrane integrity in broiler chickens at two ages: Implications for meat quality. Poult Sci 2001; 80:418-425.
• Soares AL, Lara JAF, Ida AI, Guarnieri PD, Olivo R, Shimokomaki M. Variation in the colour of Brazilian broiler breast fillet. International Congress of Meat Science and Technology 2002; 48:540-541.
• Van Laack RLJM, Liu CH, Smith MO, Loveday HD. Characteristics of pale, soft, exudative broiler breast meat. Poult Sci. 2000; 79:1057-1061.
• Vosmerova P, Chloupek J, Bedanova I, Chloupek P, Kruzikova K, Blahova J, Vecerek V. Changes in selected biochemical indices related to transport of broilers to slaughterhouse under different ambient temperatures. Poult Sci. 2010; 89:2719-2725.
• Warriss PD, Pagazaurtundua A, Browna SN. Relationship between maximum daily temperature andmortality of broiler chickens during transport and lairage. Br Poult Sci. 2005; 46: 647-651.
• Warriss PD, Kestin SC, Brown SN, Knowles TG, Wilkins LJ, Edwards JE, Austin SD, Nicol CJ. The depletion of glycogen stores and indices of dehydration in transported broilers. Br Vet J. 1993;149:391-398.
• Warriss PD, Knowles TG, Brown SN, Edwards JE, Kettlewell PJ, Mitchell MA, Baxter CA. Effects of lairage time on body temperature and glycogen reserves of broiler chickens held in transport modules. Vet Rec. 1999; 145:218-222.
• Warriss PD, Bevis EA, Brown SN, Edwards JE. Longer journeys to processing plants are associated with higher mortality in broiler-chickens. Br Poult Sci. 1992; 33: 201-206. Wilkins LJ, Brown SN, Phillips AJ, Warriss PD. Variation in the colour of broiler breast fillets in the UK. Br Poult Sci. 2000;41:308-312.
• Woelfel RL, Owens CM, Hirschler EM, Martinez-Dawson R, Sams, AR. The characterization and incidence of pale, soft, and exudative broiler meat in a commercial processing plant. Poult Sci. 2002; 81:579-584.
• Yalçin S, Güler HC. Interaction of transport distance and body weight on preslaughter stress and breast meat quality of broilers. Br Poult Sci. 2012; 53(2):175-182.
• Yue HY, Zhang L, Wu SG, Xu L, Zhang J, Qi GH. Effects of transport stress on blood metabolism, glycolytic potential, and meat quality in meat-type yellow-feathered chickens. Poult Sci. 2010; 89:413-419.
• Zhang L, Yue HY, Zhang HJ, Xu L, Wu SG, Yan HJ, Gong YS, Qi GH. Transport stress in broilers:I. Blood metabolism, glycolytic potential, and meat quality. Poult Sci. 2009; 88:2033-2041.