Determining The Presence of Equine Herpesvirus-1 and Equine Herpesvirus-4 Infections by Real-Time PCR in Horses in Kars Region

Year 2023, , 580 - 587, 31.12.2023

Ayhan Akman , Rahşan Akpınar , Şemistan Kızıltepe

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1185083

Abstract

Horse herpesvirus infections are significant from a clinical, financial, and epidemiological standpoint. EHV-1 and EHV-4 are two of the ones that contribute to outbreaks. Blood samples from 138 symptomatic or asymptomatic horses in the Kars region were used in this study to test for EHV-1 and EHV-4. EHV-1 was found in 40 (29%) blood samples, EHV-4 in 49 (35.5%) blood samples, and both agents were recognized in 24 (17.4%) blood samples using the Real-Time PCR method. The findings indicate that the strategic location of the Kars region should be taken into account in the fight against EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections, in addition to care-feeding and climatic conditions.

Keywords

EHV-1, EHV-4, horse, blood, Real-Time PCR

Kars Bölgesindeki Atlarda Real-Tıme PCR ile Equine Herpesvırus-1 ve Equine Herpesvırus-4 Enfeksiyonlarının Araştırılması

Abstract

Atlarda Herpesvirus enfeksiyonları klinik, ekonomik ve epidemiyolojik açıdan önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bunların içerisinde EHV-1 ve EHV-4 salgınlara neden olan etkenler arasındadır. Bu çalışmada Kars bölgesinde semptom gösteren veya göstermeyen 138 adet attan alınan kan örnekleri EHV-1 ve EHV-4 yönünden incelenmiş olup EHV-1 40 (%29) adet kan örneğinde, EHV-4 ise 49 (%35,5) adet kan örneğinde, 24 (%17,4) adet kan örneğinde ise her iki etken Real-Time PCR tekniği ile tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde bakım-besleme, iklim koşulları yanında Kars bölgesinin konum açısından stratejik bir yerde bulunması EHV-1 ve EHV-4 enfeksiyonları ile mücadelede dikkat edilmesi gereken bir husus olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Keywords

EHV-1, EHV-4, at, kan, Real-Time PCR

References

• Abdelgawad A, Damiani A, Ho SYW, Strauss G, Szentiks CA, East ML, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Zebra alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): genetic diversity, latency and coinfections. Viruses. 2016; 8:262
• Afshin R, Madadgar O, Akbarein H, Tazikeh A. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Equine Herpes Virus-1 in Horses with History or Clinical Signs in Four Provinces of Iran. Iran J Vet Med. 2020; 14 (1): 28-35.
• Allen GP and Bryans JT. Molecular epizootiology, pathogenesis and prophylaxis of equine herpesvirus 1 infections. Progr. Vet. Microbiol. Immunol. 1986; 2: 78-144.
• Allen GP, Kydd JH, Slater JD, Smith KC. Advances in understanding of the pathogenesis, epidemiology and immunological control of equine herpesvirus abortion. In: Wernery, U., Wade, J.A., Mumford, J.A., Kaaden, O.R. (Eds.), Equine Infectious Diseases VIII, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference. R&W Publications, Newmarket. 1999; 129–146.
• Allen GP. Antemortem detection of latent infection with neuropathogenic strains of equine herpesvirus-1 in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2006; 67: 1401-1405.
• Anonymous. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/respiratory-system/respiratory-diseases-of-horses/equine-herpesvirus-infection; Accessien date: 06.07.2022.
• Ataseven VS, Bilge-Dağalp S, Başaran Z, Keskin S. Seroepidemiological studies of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections in working horses from eastern Turkey. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2010; 57: 39-42.
• Avci O, Yapici O, Bulut O, Kale M, Atli K. Detection of equine herpes virus 1, equine herpes virus 4, and equine arteritis virus antibodies in Kyrgyzstan by ELISA. 3rd European EAVLD Congress. Pisa, Italy, October 12-15. Poster Session, Animal diseases, Poster no: P64. Congress Book. 2014; 153.
• Blanchard TL, Kenney RM, Timoney PL. Venereal disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1992; 8: 191–203.
• Borchers K, Wolfinger U, Goltz M, Broll H, Ludwig H. Distribution and relevance of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) infections. Arch Virol. 1997; 142: 917–928.
• Borchers K, Wolfinger U, Lawrenz B, Schellenbach A, Ludwig H. Equine herpesvirus 4 DNA in trigeminal ganglia of naturally infected horses detected by direct in situ PCR. J Gen Virol. 1997; 78(5): 1109-14.
• Browning BF, Studdert MJ. Genomic hetrogeneity of equine betaherpesviruses. J Gen Virol. 1987; 68: 1441–1447.
• Carvalho RL, Passos MF, Martins S. Development of a differential multiplex PCR assay for equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 as a diagnostic tool. J Vet Med. 2000; 47: 351-359.
• Crabb BS, Allen GP, Studdert MJ. Characterization of the majör glycoproteins of equine herpesviruses 4 and 1 and asinine herpesvirus 3 using monoclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol. 1991; 72: 2075–2082.
• Crabb BS and Studdert MJ. Epitopes of glycolprotein G of equine herpesviruses 4 and 1 located near the c-termini elicit type-specific antibody responses in the natural host. J. Virol. 1993; 67: 6332-6338.
• Davison AJ, Eberle R, Ehlers B, Hayward GS, McGeoch DJ, Minson AC, Pellett PE, Roizman B, Studdert MJ, Thiry E. The order herpesvirales. Arch Virol. 2009; 154:171–177.
• Diallo IS, Hewitson G, Wright LL, Kelly MA, Rodwell BJ, Corney BG. Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and differentiation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4). Vet Microbiol. 2007; 123(1-3): 93-103.
• Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Love DN. Epidemiology of EHV-1 and EHV- 4 in the mare and foal populations on a Hunter Valley stud farm: are mares the source of EHV-1 for unweaned foals. Vet Microbiol. 1999; 68: 27-34.
• Hussey SB, Clark R, Lunn KF, Breathnach C, Soboll G, Whalley JM, Lunn DP. Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by realtime polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006; 18(4): 335-42.
• Keane DP, Little PB, Wilkie BN, Artsob H, Thorsen J. Agents of equine viral encephalomyelitis: correlation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies. Can J Vet Res. 1988; 52: 229-235.
• Kirisawa R, Endo A, Iwai H, Kawakami Y. Detection and identification of equine herpesvirus-1 and -4 by polymerase chain reaction. Vet Microbiol. 1993; 36(1-2): 57-67.
• Milic N, Nisavic J, Asanin R, Knezevic A, Asanin J, Vidanovic D, Sekler M. Implementation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Real-time pcr in quick identification of bovine herpesvirus 1. Vet Glas. 2010; 64(3-4): 159-167.
• Nisavic J, Milic N, Knezevic A, Jovanovic T. The application of polymerase chain reaction in detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples. Acta Vet Hung. 2010; 60(1): 39-48.
• Nisavic J, Zoric A, Milic N. The application of molecular methods in the diagnostics of infection of swine caused by porcine circovirus 2. Vet Glas. 2016; 70(5-6): 249-258.
• Nordengrahn A, Merza M, Svedlund G, Roneus M, Berndtsson T, Lindholm A, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Abusugra I, Gunnarsson E, Klingeborn B. A field study of the application of a type-specific test distinguishing antibodies to equine herpesvirus-4 and - 1. In: Wernery, U; Wade, JF; Mumford, JA and Kaaden, OR (Eds.), Equine infectious diseases, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Equine Infectious Diseases R&W Publications, Newmarket. 1999; 125-128.
• Ohta M, Manabu N, Koji T, Takashi K, Tomio M. Evaluation of the Usefulness of a PCR Assay Performed at a Clinical Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Respiratory Disease Induced by Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in the Field. J Equine Vet Sci. 2011; 22(3): 53-56.
• OIE. Equine rhinopneumonitis (equine herpesvirus -1 and -4). 2015. Available at: http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.05.09_EQUINE_RHINO.pdf; Accessien date: 06.07.2022.
• Palif V, Belak S, Molnar. Isolation of equine herpesvirus 2 from foals, showing respiratory symptoms. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1978; 25: 165–167.
• Patel JR and Edington N. The pathogenicity in mice of respiratory, abortion and paresis isolates of equine herpesvirus 1. Vet Microbiol. 1983; 8: 301 -305.
• Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review. Vet J. 2005; 170: 14–23.
• Pusterla N, Wilson WD, Mapes S, Finno C, Isbell D, Arthur RM, Ferraro GL. Characterization of viral loads, strain and state of equine herpesvirus-1 using real-time PCR in horses following natural exposure at a racetrack in California. Vet J. 2009; 179(2): 230-9.
• Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wilson WD. Prevalence of latent alpha-herpesviruses in Thoroughbred racing horses. Vet J. 2012; 193(2): 579-82.
• Riggio MP, Cullinane AA, Onions DE. Identification and nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gB gene of equine herpesvirus 4. J Virol. 1989; 63: 1123-1133.
• Sarani A, Mohammadi G, Mayameei A, Akbari M. Investigation of equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 infections in equine population of iran by real-time PCR. HVM. 2013; 5(1): 29-33.
• Singh BK, Yadav MP, Uppal PK, Rattan B. National assessment of equine herpesvirus-1 infection among equidae in India. In: Wernery, U; Wade, JF; Mumford, JA and Kaaden, OR (Eds.), Equine infectious diseases, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference Equine Infectious Diseases. R&W Publications, Newmarket. 1999; pp: 578-579.
• Slater J. Equine Herpesviruses. In Equine Infectious Diseases, Ed; Sellon D, Long MT, 2nd Ed., Saunders Elsevier, USA. 2007; pp 134-153. Taktaz HT, Nekoei S, Vazirian B, Doosti A, Khamesipour F, Anyanwu MU. Molecular detection of equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 infection in healthy horses in Isfahan central and Shahrekord southwest regions, Iran. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 1-7.
• Tekelioglu BK. At Viral Hastalıkları ve Türkiye’de Neonatal Ölen Tayların Organlarında EHV-1 DNA’sı ile burun sürüntülerinde EHV-4 DNA’sının saptanması. JTHES. 2016: 7-15.
• Tekelioglu BK and Akay O. Yarış Atlarında Equine Herpesvirüs (EHV-1 ve EHV-4) İnfeksiyonlarının Polymerase Chane Reaction (PCR) ile saptanması. 1st National Virology Congress Kuşadası Aydın Türkiye. 2003.
• Tekelioglu BK , Matsumura T, Tsujimura K, Turan N, Ekici H, Yilmaz H. Detection of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV1) DNA in Organs of Neonatal Dead Foals in Turkey. J Equine Sci. 2006; 17(1):23-26.
• Tearle PJ, Smith CK, Platt A, Hannant D, Poynter JN, Mumford J. In vitro characterisation of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4. Res Vet Scie. 2003; 75:83-86.
• Wagner WN, Bogdan J, Haines D. Detection of equine herpesvirus and differentiation of equine herpesvirus type 1 from type 4 by the polymerase chain reaction. Can J Mıcrobıol. 1992; 38: 1193-1196.
• Watzinger F, Ebner K, Lion T. Detection and monitoring of virus infections by real-time PCR. Mol Aspects Med. 2006; 27: 254-298.
• Welch HM, Bridges CG, Lyon AM, Griffiths L, Edington N. Latent equid herpesviruses 1 and 4: detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues. J Gen Virol. 1992; 73(2): 261-8.
• Whalley JM, Robertson GR, Scott NA, Hudson GC, Bell CW, Woodworth LM. ldentification and nucleotide sequence of a gene in equine herpesvirus 1 analogous to the herpes simplex virus gene encoding the major envelope glycoprotein gB. J. Gen. Virol. 1989; 70: 383-394.
• Yasunaga S, Maeda K, Matsumura T, Kai K, Iwata H, Inoue T. Diagnosis and seroepizootology of equine herpesvirus type1 and type 4 infection in Japan using a type specific ELISA. J Vet Med Sci. 1998; 10: 1133-1137.
• Yildirim Y, Yilmaz V, Kirmizigul AH. Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) infections in horses and donkeys in northeastern Turkey. IJVR, 2015; 16 (4): 341-344.