Assessment of the Degradability of Various Soybean Products in Cows and Buffaloes Using In-Vitro and In-Situ Methods

Abstract

This study evaluated the in situ and in vitro degradability of three soybean products; soybean meal (SM), full-fat soybean (FFS) and soybean flakes (SF) using cannulated Brown Swiss cows and Crossbred female buffaloes. Samples of soybean products were incubated in nylon bags for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 hours in the rumen to determine the degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), Ether Extract (EE) and organic matter (OM). In addition, in the second stage of the study, a Daisy incubator was used to determine the in vitro true digestibility of soybean products for 48 hours. In situ, 24-hour DM and CP digestibility in SM, CF digestibility in FFS, and OM were higher in SF at buffaloes. Buffaloes exhibited superior kinetic degradability in FFS, while cows showed better performance in SF. In vitro analysis using a Daisy incubator confirmed that, there were no notable species differences for FFS, but higher degradability for SM in cows and SF in buffaloes. In summary, in the rumen, cows showed faster initial DM degradability, while buffaloes had a higher rate in later stages, with buffaloes also excelling in CP digestibility and CF degradation of high-fat feeds.

Keywords

• Buffalo
• Cattle
• Daisy Incubator
• Degradability
• In-situ
• Soybean

Farklı Soya Ürünlerinin İnekler ve Mandalarda In Vitro ve In Situ Teknikler Kullanılarak Yıkımlanabilirliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, kanüllü Esmer İsviçre ırkı inekler ve melez dişi mandalar kullanılarak üç soya ürünü—soya küspesi (SM), tam yağlı soya (FFS) ve soya flake (SF)—üzerinde in situ ve in vitro yıkımlanabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir. Soya ürünleri örnekleri, kuru madde (KM), ham protein (HP), ham yağ (HY) ve organik madde (OM) yıkımlanabilirliğini belirlemek amacıyla rumende 4, 8, 12, 16 ve 24 saat süreyle naylon torbalarda inkübe edilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında ise, Daisy inkübatör kullanılarak soya ürünlerinin in vitro yıkımlanabilirliği 48 saat boyunca ölçülmüştür. In situ denemede, 24 saatlik KM ve HP sindirilebilirliği SM’de, HY sindirilebilirliği FFS’de ve OM sindirilebilirliği SF’de mandalarda daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Mandalar FFS’de daha yüksek kinetik parçalanabilirlik sergilerken, inekler SF’de daha iyi performans göstermiştir. Daisy inkübatör kullanılarak yapılan in vitro analiz, FFS için türler arasında belirgin bir fark olmadığını doğrulamış; ancak SM’de ineklerde, SF’de ise mandalarda daha yüksek parçalanabilirlik gözlenmiştir. Özetle, rumende inekler başlangıçta daha hızlı KM parçalanabilirliği sergilerken, mandalar daha ileri aşamalarda daha yüksek parçalanma oranına ulaşmış, ayrıca HP sindirilebilirliği ve yüksek yağlı yemlerin HY parçalanmasında üstünlük göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Daisy inkübatör
• In situ
• Manda
• Sığır
• Soya
• Yıkımlanabilirlik

References

1. Andrighetto, I., Bailoni, L., Cozzi, G., Tolosa, H.F., Hartman, B., Hinds, M., & Sapienza, D. (1993). Observations on in situ degradation of forage cell components in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass. Journal of Dairy Science, 76, 2624–2631.
2. Anonymous (1995). Acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber using ANKOM’s fiber analyzer F200. Ankom Technology Corporation, Fairport, NY.
3. Anonymous (2017). Tam Yağlı Soya https://promartarim.com/tr/urunler/tam-yagli-soya.html. [accessed: 05.01.2025]
4. AOAC (2005). Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
5. Azmi, A. F. M., Hafandi, A., Goh, Y. M., Saad, M. Z., Zuki, A. M., Norafizah, A. R., & Hassım, H. A. (2020). Effect Of Dietary Concentrate And Bypass Fat Supplements On In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Digestibility And Rumen Microbial Population In Buffaloes. Animals, 11(7), 2105. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-47834/v1
6. Bayar, R. & Yılmaz, M., (2004). Türkiye'de soya fasulyesi ve önemi, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi ISSN: 1303-5134
7. Becker, W. (1978). Solvent extraction of soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists, 56(5), 590-590.
8. Berenti, A.M., Yari, M., Khalaji, S., Hedayati, M., & Yu, P. (2020). Effect of extrusion of soybean meal on feed spectroscopic molecular structures and on performance, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility of Holstein dairy calves. Animal bioscience, 34(5), 855-866. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0899

9. Brooderick, G.A. (1978). In vitro procedures for estimating rate of ruminal degradation and proportions of protein escaping the rumen undegraded. J. Nutrition, 108, 181-190.
10. Brown, W. E., & Bradford, B.J. (2020). Effects of a high-protein corn product compared with soy and canola protein sources on nutrient digestibility and production responses in mid-lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(7), 6233-6243. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17939
11. Calabrò, S., Moniello, G., Piccolo, V., Bovera, F., Infascelli, F., Tudisco, R., & Cutrignelli, M. I. (2008). Rumen fermentation and degradability in buffalo and cattle using the in vitro gas production technique. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 92(3), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00799.x
12. Chamadia, B., Grewal, R. S., Lamba, J. S., Kaur, J., & Kashyap, N. (2020). Efeect of varying levels of tannins treatment on in vitro degradability of soybean meal. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Science, 9(7), 3991-4000.
13. Chanthakhoun, V., & Wanapat, M. (2012). The in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation of various feeds using rumen liquor from swamp buffalo and cattle. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7, 54–60
14. Chanthakhoun, V., Wanapat, M., Kongmun, P. & Cherdthong, A. (2012). Comparison of ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial population in swamp buffalo and cattle. Livestock Science, 143, 172–176.
15. Clauss, M., Hume, I.D., & Hummel, J. (2010). Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems. Animal, 4, 979–992 .
16. Combs D., Shaver R., & Howard T. (1991). Relating protein to production. Feed Int., 42-46.
17. Çetin, Ş., & Bek, Y. (2019). Tekrarlanan ölçümlü verilerde kovaryans modelleri, Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics,11(3)239-53.
18. Erdaw, M. M., Maldonado, R. A. P., Bhuiyan, M. M., & Iji, P. A. (2016). Physicochemical properties and enzymatic in vitro nutrient digestibilitiy of full-fat soybean meal. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 14 (1), 85-91.
19. Franzolin, R., & Dehority, B.A. (1999). Comparison of protozoal populations and digestion rates between water buffalo and cattle, Journal of Applied Animal research, 33-46.
20. Iqbal, M.W., Zhang, Q., Yang, Y., Li, L., Zou, C., Huang, C., Lin, B. (2018). Comparative study of rumen fermentation and microbial community differences between water buffalo and Jersey cows under similar feeding conditions. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 46, 740–748.
21. Kamalak, A., Kanbolat, O., Gurbuz, Y., & Ozay, O. (2005). In situ ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradability of plant- and animal-derived protein sources in Southern Turkey. Small Ruminant Research 58, 135-141.
22. Khejornsart, P., Wanapat, M., & Rowlinson, P. (2011). Diversity of anaerobic fungi and rumen fermentation characteristic in swamp buffalo and beef cattle fed on different diets. Livestock Science, 139, 230–236.
23. Lapitan, R.M., Del Barrio, A.N., Katsube, O., Ban-Tokuda, T., Orden, E.A., Robles, A.Y., Cruz, L.C., Kanai, Y., & Fujihara, T. (2008). Comparison of fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) fed on high roughage diet. Animal Science Journal, 79, 76–82.
24. Mattapallil, M.J., & Ali, S. (1999). Analysis of conserved microsatellite sequences suggests closer relationship between water buffalo Bubalus bubalis and sheep Ovis aries. DNA CellBiol, 18, 513-19.
25. McSweeney, C.S., Kennedy, & P.M., John, A. (1989). Reticulo-ruminal motility in cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed a low quality roughage diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 94, 635–638.
26. Mendowski, S., Noziere, P., Ferlay, A., Denis, P., Chesneau, G., Chapout, P. (2020). Raw or technologically treated proteaginous seeds as alternatives to soybean meal for dairy cows: comparative evaluation by meta-analysis of in situ and in vivo digestive parameters, nitrogen partition and dairy performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 271, 114758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114758
27. Dene-Millam, J. J., Musa, M. A., Babale, D. M., Abbaya, H. Y., & Yakubu, L. R. (2020). Effects of feeding soybean curd residue at varying levels in diets of Red Sokoto bucks on nutrient intake and digestibility. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 3(2), 110-120.
28. Morgan, D.J. (1985). The effect of formalin-treated soybean meal upon the performance of lactating cows. Anim. Prod., 41, 33-42.
29. Nakamura, T., Klopfenstein, T.J., Owen, F.G., Britton, R.A., Grant, R.J., & Winowiski, T.S. (1992). Nonenzymatically browned soybean meal for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Science, 75, 3519.
30. Naveed-ul-Haque, M., Akhtar, M.U., Munnawar, R., Anwar, S., Khalique, A., Tipu, M.A., Ahmad, F. & Shahid, M.Q. (2018). Effects of increasing dietary protein supplies on milk yield, milk composition, and nitrogen use efficiency in lactating buffalo. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50, 1125–1130.
31. Neumann, M., Askel, E. J., Santos, L. C., Stadler Junior, E.S., Venancio, B. J., Pontarolo, G. B., Cristo, F. B., & Silva, E. P. (2020). Evaluation of degradability and ruminal kinetics of soybean meal subjected to strategies to maximize protein escape from the rumen. Semina Ciencias Agrariras, 41(6), 2721-2732. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2721
32. NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. Ørskov, E.R., & McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 92, (2), 499-503.
33. Ørskov, E.R., Hughes-Jones, M., & Elimam, M.E. (1983). Studies on degradation and outflowrate of protein supplements in the rumen of sheep and cattle. Livest. Prod. Science, 10, 17-24.
34. Paul, S.S., Mandal, A.B., Kannan, A., Mandal, G.P., & Pathak, N.N. (2003). Comparative dry matter intake and nutrient utilisation efficiency in lactating cattle and buffaloes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83(4), 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1305
35. Quin, J.I., van der Wath, J.G., & Myburgh, S. (1943). Studies on the alimentary tract of Merino Sheep in South Africa VII. Fermentation in the Forestomachs of Sheep. Onderstepoort Journal oj Veterinary Science mnd Animal Industry, 18.
36. Rostini, T. (2020). The Use of Fermented Feed Based on Swamp Buffalo Rumen Fluid to Increase the Growth and Conditions Psychology of Goats. Internatıonal Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5), 6275-6284.
37. Tagliapietra, F., Mirko, C., Ida K. H., Hanne H. H., Stefania, C., Lucia, B., & Stefano, S. (2011). True Dry Matter Digestibility Of Feeds Evaluated In Situ with Different Bags And In Vitro Using Rumen Fluid coleected from intact donor cows. Cow animal Production Science, 52(5), 338-346.
38. Tassone, S., Fortina, R., & Peiretti P.G. (2020). In Vitro Techniques Using the Daisyıı Incubator for the Assessment of Digestibility: Animals,10, 775. doi:10.3390/ani10050775
39. Thanh, V.T.K. (2012). The effect on intake digestibility and microbial protein production of adding urea to rice straw for cattle and buffalo calves. Livestock Science, 150, 111–113.
40. Traxler, M. J., Robertson, J. B., Van Soest, P.J., Fox, D.G., Pell, A.N., & Komarek, A.R. (1995). A comparison of methods for determining IVDMD at three time periods using the Filter Bag Technique versus conventional methods. J. Dairy Science, 78(1), 274.
41. Waltz, D., Stern, M., (1989). Evaluation of various methods for protecting soya-bean protein from degradation by rumen bacteria Animal Feed Science and Technology, 25(1-2), 11-122.
42. Wang, W., Ungerfeld, E. M., Degen, A. A., Jing, X., Guo, W., Zhou, J., Huang, X., Mudassar, S., Shi, F., Bi, S., Ding, L., Shang, Z., & Long, R. (2020). Ratios of rumen inoculum from Tibetan and Small-tailed Han sheep influenced in vitro fermentation and digestibility, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 267, 114562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114562
43. Willis, S. (2003). The use of soybean meal and full fat soybean meal by the animal feed industry. 12th Australian Soybean Conference.
44. Wora-anu, S., Wanapat, M., Wachirapakorn, C., & Nontaso, N. (2000). Effect of roughage to concentrate ratio on ruminal ecology and vol- untary feed intake in cattle and swamp buffaloes fed on urea-treated rice straw. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 13, 236.
45. Yuzhu, S., Jiang, Hu., Bingang, S., Renqing, D., Jiqing, W., Shaobin, Li., Wei, Z., Yuzhu, L., & Xiu, L. (2020). Characteristics and Functions of the Rumen Microbial Community of Cattle-Yak at Different Ages. BioMed Research International, 2020, 3482692. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3482692