Assessment of Echocardiographic Ejection Fraction and Fractional Shortness at Different Stages of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate EF and FS parameters at different stages of canine visceral leishmaniasis to benefit in diagnosis and treatment monitoring. A total of 35 dogs, 28 of which were infected with L. infantum and 7 of which were healthy, constituted the material of study. VL diagnosis was confirmed with test kit positivity with fast ELISA on blood samples. VL dogs eligible for inclusion into study were evaluated in 4 different groups (n = 7, each group), according to "LeishVet Working Group". ECHO, studies were performed on the right parasternal short axisand EF and FS parameters were detected. In control group, EF values (%) was found between 48 and 74, FS(%) value between 24 and 38. EF value was found between 59 and 74,FS valuewas between 31 and 42 in group I. EF value was found between 58 and 93, FS value was between 29 and 63 in group II. EF value was foundbetween 35.3 and 93.8, FS value wasbetween 16.4 and 50 in group III. EF value was between 52 and 82, FS value was between 27 and 50 in group IV. As a result, when we considered the LWG, it can be said that echocardiographic evaluation [reduction in FS, EF (systolic dysfunction)] should be performed into account in CVL dogs. It may be beneficial to focus on cardiac changes contributing to the intravital diagnosis in CVL dogs and to apply the necessary additional treatment protocols.

Keywords

• Leishmaniasis,echocardiography,ejection fraction,fractional shorthening,dog

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis’in Farklı Evrelerinde Ekokardiyografik Ejeksiyon Fraksiyonu ve Fraksiyonel Kısalmanın Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Canine Visceral Leishmaniasisin farklı evrelerinde ejeksiyon fraksiyonu (EF) ve fraksiyonel kısalma (FS) parametrelerinin değerlendirilerek tanıda ve sağaltım monitörizasyonunda fayda sağlaması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın materyalini, 28’i L. infantum ile doğal enfekte 7’si de sağlıklı olmak üzere toplam 35 köpek oluşturdu.Klinik bulgular temelinde VL şüpheli tanısı konulan köpeklerde kan örneğinde hızlı ELİSA prensibiyle çalışan test kiti pozitifliği ile VL tanısı kesinleştirildi. Çalışmaya dahil edilmesi uygun görülen VL’li köpekler, “LeishVet Çalışma Grubu”nun önerdiği evreleme dikkate alınarak 4 farklı gruptan (her grupta n=7) birinde değerlendirildi. EKO, M mod incelemeler sağ parasternal kısa eksende gerçekleştirildi ve sol ventrikül EF ve FS parametreleri belirlendi.Çalışmadaki kontrol grubu olguların EF değeri (%) 48 ile 74 ve FS değeri (%) 24 ile 38,olduğu saptandı. I. gruptaki olgularda EF değeri (%) 59 ile 74 ve FS değeri (%) 31 ile 42 arasında olduğu görüldü. II. gruptaki olgularda EF değeri (%) 58 ile 93 ve FS değeri (%) 29 ile 63 arasında idi. III. gruptaki olgularda EF değeri (%) 35.3 ile 93.8 ve FS değeri (%) 16.4 ile 50 arasında değişmekteydi. IV. gruptaki olgularda ise EF değeri (%) 52 ile 82 ve FS değeri (%) 27 ile 50 arasında olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak Leishvet Çalışma Grubunun serolojik, klinik ve laboratuvar bulguları dikkate alındığında 4 farklı grupta (evre I-IV) yer alan olgularımızda ekokardiyografik [FS’de ve EF’de azalma (sistolik disfonksiyon)] değerlendirmenin CVL’li köpeklerde dikkate alınması gerektiği söylenebilinir. CVL’li köpeklerde intravital diyagnoza katkı sağlayan kardiyak değişikliklerin üzerinde önemle durulması ve gerekli ilave sağaltım protokollerinin uygulanması fayda sağlayabilir.

Keywords

• Leismaniasis,ekokardiyografi,ejeksiyon fraksiyonu,fraksiyonel kısalma,köpek

References

1. Affolter VK.Pathogenesis of vasculitis.Proceedings of the 14th Annual European Society of Veterinary Dermatologists/European College of Veterinary Dermatology Congress, Pisa, Italy. September 5 - 7, 1997, 147-150.
2. Alves GBB, Pinho FA, Silva SMMS, Cruz MSP, Costa FAL. Cardiac and pulmonary alterations in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs infected naturally with Leishmania chagasi. Brazil. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2010, 43, 310-315.
3. Athanasiou LV, Petanides TA, Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Apostolidis KN, Saridomichelakis MN.Comparison of two commercial rapid in-clinic serological tests for detection of antibodies against Leishmania spp. in dogs. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 2014, 26(2), 286-290.
4. Baumwart RD, Orvalho J, Meurs KM. Evaluation of serum cardiac troponin I concentration in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2007, 68 (5), 524–528.
5. Bavegems V, Duchateau L, Sys SU, De Rick A. Echocardiographic reference values in whippets. Vet.Radiol.Ultrasound. 2007, 48(3), 230-238.
6. Belham M, Kruger A, Mepham S, Faganello G, Pritchard C. Monitoring left ventricular function in adults receiving anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. Europ. J.Heart Fail. 2007, 9(4), 409–414.
7. Biais M, Carrié C, Delaunay F, Morel N, Revel P, Janvier G.Evaluation of a new pocket echoscopic device for focused cardiac ultrasonography in an emergency setting. Crit. Care. 2012, 16(2), 1-7.
8. Blavier A, Keroack S, Denerolle PH, Goy-Thollot I, Chabanne L, Cadore JL, Bourdoiseau G. Atypical Forms of canine leishmaniosis. Vet. J. 2001, 162, 108-120.

9. Boon JA.Appendix IV. In: Manuel of Veterinary Echocardiography. Boon JA, ed. Boltimor Mariland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1998, pp, 453–463.
10. Candido TC, Perri SHV, Gerzoschkwitz TO, Luvizotto MCR, Lima VMF.Comparative evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on crude and purified antigen in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in symptomatic and oligosymptomatic dogs. Vet.Parasitol. 2008, 157, 175-181.
11. Chetboul V, Tidholm A, Nicolle A, Sampedrano CC, Gouni V, Pouchelon JL, Lefebvre HP, Concordet D. Effects of animal position and number of repeated measurements on selected two-dimensional and M-mode echocar diographic variables in healthy dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2005, 227(5), 743-747.
12. Chetboul V, Serres F, Gouni V, Tissier R, Pouchelon JL. Radial strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography and the tissue velocity based technique in the dog. J. Vet. Cardiol. 2007, 9 (2), 69-81.
13. Cornell CC, Kittleson MD, Della Torre P, Häggström J, Lombard CW, Pedersen HD, Vollmar A, Wey A. Allometric scaling of M-mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs. J. Vet. Int. Med. 2004, 18 (3), 311-321.
14. Cortadellas O, Fernandez del Palacio MJ, Bayon A, Talavera J. Systemic hypertension in dogs with leishmaniasis: prevalence and clinical consequences. J. Vet. Int. Med. 2006, 20, 941-947.
15. Crippa L, Ferro E, Melloni E, Brambilla P, Cavalletti E. Echocardiographic parameters and indices in the normal Beagle dog. Lab. Anim. 1992, 26(3), 190-195.
16. Dukes-McEwan J, Borgarelli M, Tidholm A, Vollmar AC, Häggström J, ESVC Taskforce for Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy.Proposed guidelines for the diagnosis of canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Vet.Cardiol. 2003, 5(2), 7-19.
17. Font A, Closa JM, Molina A, Mascort J. Thrombosis and nephrotic syndrome in a dog with visceral leishmaniosis. J. Small Anim. Pract. 1993, 34, 466-477.
18. Gooding JP, Robinson WF, Mews GC.Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular dimensions in clinically normal English cocker spaniels. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1986, 47(2), 296-300.
19. Gugjoo MB, Hoque M, Saxena AC, Zama MS, Dey S. Reference values of M-mode echocardiographic parameters and indices in conscious Labrador Retriever dogs. Iran. J. Vet.Res. 2014, 15(4), 341.
20. Kittelson MD, Kienle RD. Echocardiography. In: Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine. Kittelson MD, Kienle RD, eds. St. Louis: Mosby 1998, 95–117.
21. Lehtinen SM, Wiberg ME, Häggström J, Lohi H. http://sonopath.com/articles/breed-specific-reference-ranges-for-echocardiography-in-salukis.Erişim tarihi.04.08.2016.
22. Lonsdale RA, Labuc RH, Robertson ID. Echocardiographic parameters in training compared with non‐training Greyhounds”, Vet.Radiol. Ultrasound 1998, 39(4), 325-330.
23. Lopez R, Lucena R, Novales M, Ginel PJ, Martin E, Molleda JM. Circulating immune complexes and renal function in canine leishmaniasis.Zentr. Vet.Reihe. B. 1996, 43, 469-474.
24. Lopez-Pena M, Aleman N, Munoz F, Fondevila D, Suarez ML, Goicoa A, Nieto JM. Visceral leishmaniasis with cardiac involvement in a dog: a case report. Acta Vet.Scand. 2009, 51, 20.
25. Mashiro IWAO, Nelson RR, Cohn JN, Franciosa JA. Ventricular dimensions measured noninvasively by echocardiography in the awake dog. J. App. Physiol. 1976, 41(6), 953-959.
26. Mjolstada OC, Snarea SR, Folkvordc L, Hellandd F, Grimsmoe A, Torpa H, Haraldsetha O, Haugena BO.Assessment of left ventricular function by GPs using pocket-sized ultrasound.Family Pract. 2012, 29, 534-540.
27. Moise NS, Fox PR. Echocardiography and Doppler imaging. In: Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology, 2nd edn. Fox P R, Sisson D, Moise NS, eds. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999, 130–171.
28. Paradies P, Sasanelli M, Zaza V, Spagnolo P, Ceci L, Caprariis de D. Doppler Echocardiographic Prediction of Pulmonary Hypertension in Canine Leishmaniasis. Vet. Sci. 2012, 20, 119-123.
29. Pumarola M, Brevik L, Badiola J, Vargas A, Domingo M, Ferrer L. Canine leishmaniasis associated with systemic vasculitis in two dogs. J. Comp. Pathol. 1991, 105(3), 279-286.
30. Solano-Gallego L, Miró G, Koutinas A, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Baneth G. LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis. Parasit.Vectors. 2011, 4(1), 86.
31. Tai TC, Huang HP. Echocardiographic assessment of right heart indices in dogs with elevated pulmonary artery pressure associated with chronic respiratory disorders, heartworm disease, and chronic degenerative mitral valvular disease. Vet.Med. (Praha). 2013, 58(12), 613-620.
32. Testuz A, Müller H, Keller PF, Meyer P, Stampfli T, Sekoranja L, Burri H. Diagnostic accuracy of pocket-size handheld echocardiographs used by cardiologists in the acute care setting. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc.Imaging. 2013, 14(1), 38-42.
33. Torre PD, Kirby AC, Church DB, Malik R. Echocardiographic measurements in Greyhounds, Whippets and Italian Greyhounds‐dogs with a similar conformation but different size. Aust. Vet. J.2000, 78(1), 49-55.
34. Torrent E, Leiva M, Segalés J, Franch J, Peña T, Cabrera B, Pastor J. Myocarditis and generalised vasculitis associated with leishmaniosis in a dog. J. Small Anim. Pract. 2005, 46, 549–552.
35. Zabala EE, Ramírez OJ, Bermúdez V. Leishmaniasis visceral em um canino. Rev. Fac. Cienc. Vet.Univ. Cent.Venez. 2005, 46, 43-50.