Apoptotic and Non-Apoptotic Effects of Granzyme

Abstract

Granzymes (granule enzymes) are proteases that are released from the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes into target cells to protect mammals from altered cells and virus infections. Granzymes released into the target cell cytoplasm activate some specific pathways to effect the death of these cells. Although the realization of death of the target cell is regarded as the main function of these proteases, the findings show that they have other functions besides cell death. Granzymes can display antiviral activity directly by breaking down the proteins they encode so that the virus can survive life cycles in the host. The increased levels of circulating granzymes and disintegration of extracellular substrates into granules in various inflammatory processes indicate that these proteases may have extracellular effects on pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, rejection of tumor cells and viral infections.

Keywords

• Grazyme,Grazyme A,Grazyme B,Perforin,Apoptozis

Granzimlerin Apoptotik ve Non-Apoptotik Etkileri

Abstract

Granzimler (granül enzimler), değişime uğramış hücreler ve virüs enfeksiyonlarından memelileri korumak için hedef hücreler içerisine sitotoksik lenfositlerin granüllerinden salınan proteazlardır. Hedef hücre sitoplazmalarının içerisine salınan granzimler bu hücrelerin ölümünü gerçekleştirmek amacıyla bazı spesifik yolları harekete geçirirler. Hedef hücrenin ölümünün gerçekleştirilmesi bu proteazların esas fonksiyonları olarak değerlendirilse de elde edilen bulgular hücre ölümü dışında başka fonksiyonlara da sahip olduklarını göstermektedir. Granzimler, virusların konakçıda hayat sikluslarını devam ettirebilmeleri için kodladıkları proteinleri parçalamak suretiyle doğrudan antiviral aktivite de gösterebilmektedirler. Çeşitli yangısal süreçlerde dolaşımdaki granzimlerin seviyelerinin artması ve ekstraselüler substratların granzimlerce parçalanması bu proteazların kronik inflamatuar hastalıkların patogenezisi, tümör hücrelerinin rejeksiyonu ve viral enfeksiyonlarla ilgili ekstraselüler etkilere sahip olabileceğini de göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Granzim,Granzim A,Granzim B,Perforin,Apoptozis

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