Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks

Abstract

In this experimental study, our objective was to investigate the macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings developed in the respiratory system due to the co-infection with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) M-41 and the commensal Bordetella avium in the respiratory tract in 15-day-old female Brown-Nick chicks. In this study, a total of 70 non-SPF, healthy chicks were randomized into 4 groups. The chicks in Group 1 (n=20) were infected only with IBV-M41 strain; chicks in Group 2 (n=20) were infected with IBV-M41 and B. avium; chicks in Group 3 (n=20) were infected only given B. avium. Group 4 (n = 10) were given sterile physiological saline at the same dose and route. The administration of the strains was performed with an intranasal injection. On the 2nd-7th., 9th, 11th, 13th, 15th, and 18th days of the post-inoculation, 2 chicks from the experimental groups and 1 chick from the control group were sacrificed. In Group 1, the degenerative and inflammatory changes, which were observed in the 2nd day of infection, disappeared on the 15th day. In Group 2, we noticed bacterial colonies and mucous exudate containing heterophile leukocytes in the lumens of trachea and larynx. Starting from the 13th day, findings related to recovery e.g., in Group 1 were noticed. In the microscopical examination of the tissues by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent methods, we observed the antigenic distribution in the upper respiratory tract in Group 1 between the 2nd and 5th days and in Group 2 between the 2nd and 9th days. However, lungs were involved between the 5th and 11th days in Group 1 and between the 7th and 11th days in Group 2. In conclusion, we determined that the progress of findings was relatively milder in chicks primarily infected with IBV-M41and the findings lasted longer in chicks co-infected with B. avium and IBV caused severe symptoms in chicks in case of co-infection.

Keywords

• IBV-M41
• Bordetella avium co-infection
• experimental
• pathology
• chick

Civcivlerde Enfeksiyöz Bronşitis Virusu M-41 Suşu ve Bordetella Avium ile Oluşturulan Deneysel Koenfeksiyonunda Patomorfolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal Bulguların Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Bu deneysel çalışmada, enfeksiyöz bronşitis virusu (IBV) M-41 suşu ve solunum kanalı kommensali olan Bordetella avium 15 günlük Brown-Nick ırkı yumurtacı dişi civcivlere verilerek koenfeksiyon oluşturulmuş; solunum sisteminde gelişen makroskobik, mikroskobik ve immunohistokimyasal bulguların ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 70 adet non-SPF, sağlıklı civciv rastgele 4 farklı gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1’e(n=20) yalnız IBV-M41 suşu; Grup 2’ye(n=20) IBV-M41 suşu ve B. avium; Grup 3’e(n=20) yalnız B. avium nazal yoldan 0.1 ml verilerek civcivler enfekte edildi. Kontrol grubu olan Grup 4’teki hayvanlara (n=10) ise aynı doz ve yoldan yalnızca steril fizyolojik tuzlu su verildi. Enfeksiyonun 2.-7.,9.,11.,13.,15. ve 18. postinokulasyon günlerinde her bir gün için deney gruplarından 2; kontrol grubundan 1 hayvan alınarak ötenazileri gerçekleştirildi. Grup 1’de enfeksiyonun 2. gününde trakea ve larinkste görülen dejeneratif ve yangısal değişiklikler 15. günde ortadan kalkmıştı. Grup 2’deki hayvanlarda ilk gruba ek olarak trakea ve larinks lümenlerinde heterofil lökositler içeren müköz eksudat ile bakteri kolonileri de fark edildi. 13. günden sonra öncekine benzer şekilde iyileşmeye yönelik bulgular dikkati çekti. Grup 3 ve 4’ de herhangi bir bulguya rastlanmadı. İmmunohistokimya ve immunfloresan yöntemleriyle dokularda antijenik dağılımın Grup-1’de 2-5.; Grup-2’de 2-9. günlerde üst solunum kanalındayken, Grup-1’de 5-11.; Grup-2’de 7-11. günlerde akciğerde lokalize olduğu gözlendi. Sonuç olarak IBV ile primer enfekte civcivlerde bulguların daha hafif seyrettiği, B. avium’la koenfete civcivlerde bulguların daha şiddetli ve uzun sürdüğü, IBV’nin koenfeksiyonla daha şiddetli bulgular gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• IBV-M41
• Bordetella avium ko-enfeksiyon
• deneysel
• patoloji
• civciv

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