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Sığır Nakillerinde Refah ve Davranış İlişkisi

Year 2016, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 357 - 362, 01.12.2016

Abstract

Sığırlar, çeşitli ihtiyaçların karşılanması amacı ile kara yolu, deniz yolu, demir yolu ve hava yolu kullanılarak bir noktadan diğer bir noktaya nakledilmektedirler. Sığır nakillerinin yapılmasındaki amaçlar ülkenin gelişmişlik seviyesine göre de değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu ihtiyaçlara;
- Bir ülkenin veya bölgenin canlı hayvan ihtiyacının karşılanması,
- Tüketime sunulacak olan et ihtiyacının karşılanması,
- İşletmelerin ihtiyaçlarına uygun şekilde (canlı hayvan, karkas) nakillerin sağlanması,
- Hayvanların çeşitli nedenler ile (zorunlu kesim, ticari ihtiyaçlar vb…) kesimhanelere sevk edilmesi,
- Ülkelere özgü kullanım amaçlarının karşılanması gibi örnekler verebiliriz.
Canlı hayvan nakillerinde sağlanan refah şartlarının canlıya olan etkisi önemlidir. Ancak yapılan nakillerde refaha dikkat edilmediği için sıklıkla refah ile ilgili sorunlarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Canlı hayvan nakilleri esnasında karşılaşılan bu sorunlar hayvanlarda hem stres oluşturmakta hem de verim kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Nakillerde dikkat edilmesi gereken kurallar (yükleme yoğunluğu, yükleme ve boşaltma rampaları, nakil süresi vb.) bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede incelenecek konu özellikle insanların beslenmesinde tüketime sunulan sığırların nakilleri ve bu nakillerde dikkat edilmesi gereken konuları içermektedir.

References

  • Albright JL. Dairy Cattle Behaviour, Facilities, Handling and Husbandry. In, Grandin T (Ed): Livestock Handling and Transport. 2nd ed. pp. 127-151, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, E-book
  • Altınçekiç ŞÖ, Koyuncu M. Nakil Koşullarının Hayvan Refahı Üzerine Etkileri. Hayvansal Üretim 51(1): 48-56.
  • Anonim, Hayvan Nakillerinde Kontrol ve Dinlendirme İstasyonu Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete No: 29577. 2015.
  • Anonim. Welfare of Animals During Transport Advice for transporters of cattle. http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/263/132/PB12544a.pdf Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2016.
  • Anonim. Hayvanların Nakilleri Sırasında Refahı ve Korunması Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete No: 28152. 2011
  • Anonim. Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare Adopted on 11 March 2002. The welfare of animals during transport (details for horses, pigs, sheep and cattle).
  • Anonim. Published by the Department of Local Government and Regional Development Western Australia March, 2003. Code of practise for the transportation of cattle in western Australia.
  • Anonim.https://u.osu.edu/beef/2014/09/10/transportation-shrink-in-beef-cattle; Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2016.
  • Broom DM. Causes of poor welfare in large animals during transport. Vet Res Comm, 27 (1): 515-518. 2003.
  • Brownson R. Shrinkage in Beef Cattle. Cattle Producer’s Handbook, Western Beef Resource Committee Third Edition, 835. 2012.
  • Coffey R, Laurent K. Livestock Calculations for Skillathon Contests, Kentucky 4-H Livestock Skillathon2016.
  • Coffey KP, Brazle FK, Higgins JJ. Effects of gathering time on weight and shrink of steers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures. Prof Anim Sci 13: 170-5.
  • Cockram MS. Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. International Society for Applied Ethology Special Issue. A Selection of Papers from the 39th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE), Tokyo, Japan, August 2005. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 106: 234–243. 2007.
  • Edge MK, Barnett JL. Development of animal welfare standards for the livestock transport industry: process, challenges, and implementation. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, 187 192. 2009.
  • European Commission (EC). Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending. Directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1255/97. Off J, Le 5/01/2005 (pp. 1-44). 2005.
  • FAWC (Farm Animal Welfare Council), Report on the European Commission Proposals on the Transport of Animals. London: MAFF Publications. 1991.
  • Grandin T. Assessment of stress during handling and transport. Journal of Animal Sciences 75, 249-257. 1997. Heitschmidt RK. Diurnal variation in weight and rates of shrink of range cows and calves. J Range Manage 35: 717-20. 1982.
  • Kara KN, Koyuncu M. Sığırlarda Taşıma Sırasında Hayvan Refahına Etki Eden Faktörler. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 17 (3): 511-516. 2011.
  • Kenny, FJ, Tarrant PV. The reaction of young bulls to short-haul road transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 209–227. 1987.
  • Ljungberg D, Gebresenbet G, Aradom S. Logistics Chain of Animal Transport and Abattoir Operations. Biosystems Engineering 96 (2), 267–277.2007.
  • Miranda ‐ de la Lama GC, Salazar-Sotelo MI, Pérez-Linares C, Figueroa-Saavedra F, Villarroel M, Sañudo C, Maria GA. Effects of two transport systems on lamb welfare and meat quality. Meat Science 92, 554–561. 2012.
  • Mounier L, Dubroeucq H, Andanson S, Veissier I. Variations in meat pH of beef bulls in relation to conditions of transfer to slaughter and previous history of the animals. J Anim Sci 84, 1567-1576. 2006.
  • Randall JM. Environmental parameters necessary to definite comfort for pigs, cattle and sheep in livestock transporters. Anim Prod, 57, 299-307. 1993.
  • Skaggs JM. Prime Cut: Livestock Raising and Meatpacking in the United States 1607–1983. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 1986.
  • Swanson JC, Morrow-Tesch J. Cattle transport: historical, research, and future perspectives. Journal of Animal Science 79 (Supple. E), E102–E109. 2001.
  • Tarrant PV. Transportation of cattle by road. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 153–170. 1990.
  • Tarrant V, Grandin T. Cattle transport. In, Grandin T, (Ed): Livestock Handling and Transport. 2nd ed. pp. 151-173, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon. 2000.
  • Tarrant PV, Kenny FJ, Harrington D, Murphy M. Long distance transportation of steers to slaughter: effect of stocking density on physiology, behaviour and carcass quality. Livestock Production Science, 30, 223-238.1992.
  • Teke B. Sığırlarda Nakil Firesi ve Etkili Faktörler. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 11(1) 63-67.2014.
  • Terlouw C. Stress reactions at slaughter and meat quality in pigs: genetic background and prior experience: A brief review of recent findings. Livestock Production Science 94 125 – 135. 2005.
  • Ünal N, Teke B, Özbeyaz C. Ankara Ticaret Borsası Kesimhanesi ’ne yapılan kasaplık hayvan nakillerinde bazı koşulların hayvan refahı bakımından incelenmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 55, 51-56. 2008.
  • Warriss PD, Brown SN, Knowles TG, Kestin SC, Edwards JE, Dolan SK, Phillips AJ. Effects on cattle of transport by road for up to 15 hours. Vet Rec 136: 319-23. 1995.
  • Yıbar A, Çetin E. Hayvan Refahının Et Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Uludag Univ. J. Fac. Vet. Med. 32, 2: 31-37. 2013.
  • Yıldız Ü, Saatçi M. An Evaluation of the Welfare in the Large and Small Animal Transportations Made from Sarıkamış. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15 (3): 363-368. 2009.

Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation

Year 2016, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 357 - 362, 01.12.2016

Abstract

For many reasons, cows are transported via roads, sea routes, rail roads and air routes. The aims of cattle transport may vary according to the level of development of the country. Reasons for animal transportation are,
- To compensate a regions or a countries insufficient livestock.
- Fulfilling the needs of meat consumption.
- Supplying animals to businesses (live animals or carcase).
- Shipping animals to slaughterhouses for a variety of reasons (Compulsory slaughter, commercial needs, etc.).
- Supplying a countries particular need; are some of the examples that we can give.
Welfare is a vital part of live animal transport. During these transports problems regarding animal welfare are frequently seen. These problems during transportation are the causes of stress and low efficiency. There are rules (loading density, loading and unloading ramps, transporting time, etc.) to be observed in animal transport. The purpose of this compilation is to see the effects of animal welfare and transport regulations on cattle which are used as human nutrition.

References

  • Albright JL. Dairy Cattle Behaviour, Facilities, Handling and Husbandry. In, Grandin T (Ed): Livestock Handling and Transport. 2nd ed. pp. 127-151, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, E-book
  • Altınçekiç ŞÖ, Koyuncu M. Nakil Koşullarının Hayvan Refahı Üzerine Etkileri. Hayvansal Üretim 51(1): 48-56.
  • Anonim, Hayvan Nakillerinde Kontrol ve Dinlendirme İstasyonu Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete No: 29577. 2015.
  • Anonim. Welfare of Animals During Transport Advice for transporters of cattle. http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/263/132/PB12544a.pdf Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2016.
  • Anonim. Hayvanların Nakilleri Sırasında Refahı ve Korunması Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete No: 28152. 2011
  • Anonim. Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare Adopted on 11 March 2002. The welfare of animals during transport (details for horses, pigs, sheep and cattle).
  • Anonim. Published by the Department of Local Government and Regional Development Western Australia March, 2003. Code of practise for the transportation of cattle in western Australia.
  • Anonim.https://u.osu.edu/beef/2014/09/10/transportation-shrink-in-beef-cattle; Erişim tarihi: 05.05.2016.
  • Broom DM. Causes of poor welfare in large animals during transport. Vet Res Comm, 27 (1): 515-518. 2003.
  • Brownson R. Shrinkage in Beef Cattle. Cattle Producer’s Handbook, Western Beef Resource Committee Third Edition, 835. 2012.
  • Coffey R, Laurent K. Livestock Calculations for Skillathon Contests, Kentucky 4-H Livestock Skillathon2016.
  • Coffey KP, Brazle FK, Higgins JJ. Effects of gathering time on weight and shrink of steers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures. Prof Anim Sci 13: 170-5.
  • Cockram MS. Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. International Society for Applied Ethology Special Issue. A Selection of Papers from the 39th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE), Tokyo, Japan, August 2005. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 106: 234–243. 2007.
  • Edge MK, Barnett JL. Development of animal welfare standards for the livestock transport industry: process, challenges, and implementation. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, 187 192. 2009.
  • European Commission (EC). Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending. Directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1255/97. Off J, Le 5/01/2005 (pp. 1-44). 2005.
  • FAWC (Farm Animal Welfare Council), Report on the European Commission Proposals on the Transport of Animals. London: MAFF Publications. 1991.
  • Grandin T. Assessment of stress during handling and transport. Journal of Animal Sciences 75, 249-257. 1997. Heitschmidt RK. Diurnal variation in weight and rates of shrink of range cows and calves. J Range Manage 35: 717-20. 1982.
  • Kara KN, Koyuncu M. Sığırlarda Taşıma Sırasında Hayvan Refahına Etki Eden Faktörler. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 17 (3): 511-516. 2011.
  • Kenny, FJ, Tarrant PV. The reaction of young bulls to short-haul road transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 209–227. 1987.
  • Ljungberg D, Gebresenbet G, Aradom S. Logistics Chain of Animal Transport and Abattoir Operations. Biosystems Engineering 96 (2), 267–277.2007.
  • Miranda ‐ de la Lama GC, Salazar-Sotelo MI, Pérez-Linares C, Figueroa-Saavedra F, Villarroel M, Sañudo C, Maria GA. Effects of two transport systems on lamb welfare and meat quality. Meat Science 92, 554–561. 2012.
  • Mounier L, Dubroeucq H, Andanson S, Veissier I. Variations in meat pH of beef bulls in relation to conditions of transfer to slaughter and previous history of the animals. J Anim Sci 84, 1567-1576. 2006.
  • Randall JM. Environmental parameters necessary to definite comfort for pigs, cattle and sheep in livestock transporters. Anim Prod, 57, 299-307. 1993.
  • Skaggs JM. Prime Cut: Livestock Raising and Meatpacking in the United States 1607–1983. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 1986.
  • Swanson JC, Morrow-Tesch J. Cattle transport: historical, research, and future perspectives. Journal of Animal Science 79 (Supple. E), E102–E109. 2001.
  • Tarrant PV. Transportation of cattle by road. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 153–170. 1990.
  • Tarrant V, Grandin T. Cattle transport. In, Grandin T, (Ed): Livestock Handling and Transport. 2nd ed. pp. 151-173, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon. 2000.
  • Tarrant PV, Kenny FJ, Harrington D, Murphy M. Long distance transportation of steers to slaughter: effect of stocking density on physiology, behaviour and carcass quality. Livestock Production Science, 30, 223-238.1992.
  • Teke B. Sığırlarda Nakil Firesi ve Etkili Faktörler. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 11(1) 63-67.2014.
  • Terlouw C. Stress reactions at slaughter and meat quality in pigs: genetic background and prior experience: A brief review of recent findings. Livestock Production Science 94 125 – 135. 2005.
  • Ünal N, Teke B, Özbeyaz C. Ankara Ticaret Borsası Kesimhanesi ’ne yapılan kasaplık hayvan nakillerinde bazı koşulların hayvan refahı bakımından incelenmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 55, 51-56. 2008.
  • Warriss PD, Brown SN, Knowles TG, Kestin SC, Edwards JE, Dolan SK, Phillips AJ. Effects on cattle of transport by road for up to 15 hours. Vet Rec 136: 319-23. 1995.
  • Yıbar A, Çetin E. Hayvan Refahının Et Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Uludag Univ. J. Fac. Vet. Med. 32, 2: 31-37. 2013.
  • Yıldız Ü, Saatçi M. An Evaluation of the Welfare in the Large and Small Animal Transportations Made from Sarıkamış. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15 (3): 363-368. 2009.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section REVIEW
Authors

Onur Erzurum

Alper Yılmaz This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2016
Acceptance Date November 9, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 9 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Erzurum, O., & Yılmaz, A. (2016). Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 9(4), 357-362.
AMA Erzurum O, Yılmaz A. Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation. kvj. December 2016;9(4):357-362.
Chicago Erzurum, Onur, and Alper Yılmaz. “Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9, no. 4 (December 2016): 357-62.
EndNote Erzurum O, Yılmaz A (December 1, 2016) Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9 4 357–362.
IEEE O. Erzurum and A. Yılmaz, “Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation”, kvj, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 357–362, 2016.
ISNAD Erzurum, Onur - Yılmaz, Alper. “Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9/4 (December 2016), 357-362.
JAMA Erzurum O, Yılmaz A. Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation. kvj. 2016;9:357–362.
MLA Erzurum, Onur and Alper Yılmaz. “Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, 2016, pp. 357-62.
Vancouver Erzurum O, Yılmaz A. Relationship Between Cattle Welfare and Behaviour During Transportation. kvj. 2016;9(4):357-62.

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