Süt İneklerinde Görülen Subklinik ve Kinik Ketozisin Bazı Hematolojik Parametreler, Mastitis, Metritis İnsidensleri ile Sürü Dışı Kalma Oranına Etkileri

Year 2018, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 186 - 193, 24.05.2018

Cangir Uyarlar , Sadi Çetingül , Eyüp Eren Gültepe , Abdur Rahman Sial , İsmail Bayram

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.419839

Cited By: 5

Abstract

Bu çalışma 950 adet süt
sığırı  içerisinden rastgele seçilen 197
adet süt sığırı üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Hayvanlar doğum yaptıkları günden
itibaren takibe alınmış olup ilk 8 hafta boyunca kan sayımı ve serum BHBA
analizleri haftalık olarak yapılmıştır. Elde edilen BHBA sonuçlarına göre
çalışmadaki tüm hayvanlar aşağıdaki şekilde üç gruba ayrılmıştır; a) Kontrol
Grubu “K”; çalışma boyunca serum BHBA seviyesi 1.2 mmol/l’nin altında seyredenler
b) Subklinik Ketozis Grubu “SK”; serum BHBA seviyesi 1.2 ile 2.9 mmol/l
arasında seyredenler c) Klinik Ketozis Grubu “KK”; serum BHBA seviyesi 2.9
mmol/l’nin üzerinde seyredenler. Çalışmada kullanılan tüm parametreler sürü
yönetim programından (Dairy Plan, Gea, Westfalia/Almanya) alınmıştır. Çalışmada
kullanılan tüm hayvanlar aynı rasyonla beslenmiş olup hiçbir hayvana özel bir
koşul uygulanmamıştır. Yapılan analizler sonrasında TLS, LS ve NS’nın en yüksek
olduğu grup KK, en düşük olduğu grup K olarak tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle TLS
ve BHBA seviyeleri arasında güçlü bir 
ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p<0,000). Bununla birlikte hem mastitis hem
metritis hem de bu iki enfeksiyonun birlikte seyretme insidensi subklinik ve
klinik ketozis gruplarında kontrol grubuna göre çok yüksek bulunmuştur. Bununla
birlikte subklinik ve klinik ketozis geçiren hayvanlarda sürü dışı bırakma
oranı kontrol grubuna göre çok daha yüksek bulunmuş aynı zamanda ketozisin
şiddetinin artması ile bu oranının da doğru orantılı bir şekilde yükseldiği
görülmüştür. Bu bulgular göstermektedir ki gerek klinik gerekse subklinik
ketozis geçiren hayvanlarda hematolojik parametreler ciddi oranda değişmekte,
mastitis ve metritis gibi periparturient dönemin önemli enfeksiyöz
hastalıklarına yatkınlık artmakta ve tüm bunların bir sonucu olarak sürü dışı
kalma oranı yükselmektedir. 

Keywords

Ketozis, Mastitis, Metritis, Sürü Dışı Bırakma Oranı, Süt Sığırı

Effects of Subclinical and Clinical Ketosis on The Incidence of Mastitis, Metritis, Culling Rate and Some Hematological Parameters in Dairy Cows

Abstract

The
study was conducted on 197 milk dairy cattle randomly selected from 950
breeding dairy cattle. These animals were monitored immediately after delivery
and blood count and serum BHBA analyzes were performed weekly for the first 8
weeks. According to the results of the BHBA obtained, all animals in the study
were divided into three groups as follows; a) Control Group “C”; serum BHBA
levels below 1.2 mmol/l during the study b) Subclinical Ketosis Group “SK”;
serum BHBA levels between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/l c) Clinical Ketosis Group “CK”;
serum BHBA levels were above 2.9 mmol/l. All performance parameters such as
milk yield and reproductive efficacy obtained from the herd management program
(Dairy Plan, Gea / Germany). TLS, LS, NS, MS levels were found to be higher in the
SK and CK compared to the C. Especially, a strong positive interaction between
TLS and blood BHBA level was determined (P <0,000). In addition, the
incidence of mastitis, metritis and coexistence of these two infections was
significantly higher in the SK and CK than in the C (p <0,013). Furthermore,
the rate of culling was significantly higher in the SK and CK than C and it was
also observed that this ratio increased in parallel with the severity of the
ketosis (p <0.008). These findings show that hematologic parameters change
significantly in animals that have undergone clinical or subclinical ketosis
and that susceptibility to significant infectious diseases during the periparturient
period such as mastitis and metritis increases and as a result, the rate of
culling increases.

Keywords

Ketosis, Mastitis, Metritis, Culling Rate, Dairy Cows

References

• Andersson L. Subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1988; 4:233-248.
• Andersson L, Emanuelson U: An epidemiological study of hyperketonaemia in Swedish dairy cows; Determinants and the relation to fertility. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 1985; 3:449-462.
• Baird DG: Primary ketosis in the high-producing dairy cow: Clinical and subclinical disorders, treatment, prevention and outlook. J Dairy Sci 1982; 65:1-10.
• Baird G. D., Hibbit K. G., Hunter G. D., ET AL. Biochemical aspects of bovine ketosis. 1968; Biochem. J. 107:683.
• Başoğlu A., Sevinç M. . Evcil Hayvanlarda Metabolik ve Endokrin Hastalıklar. Pozitif Matbaacılık. 2004 ISBN : 975-6652-23-3
• Butler WR, Smith RD: Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartum reproductive function in dairy cattle. 1989; J Dairy Sci 72:767-783.
• Chapinal, N., M. Carson, T. F. Duffield, M. Capel, S. Godden, M. Overton, J. E. P. Santos, and S. J. LeBlanc. The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. 2011; J. Dairy Sci. 94:4897–4903.
• Correa MT, Erb H, Scarlett J: Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. 1993; J Dairy Sci 76:1305-1312.
• Dohoo IR, Martin SW: Subclinical ketosis: Prevalence and associations with production and disease. 1984a; Can J Comp Med 48:1-5.
• Dohoo IR, Martin SW: Disease, production and culling in Holstein-Friesian cows III: Disease and production as determinants of disease. 1984b; Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2:671-690.
• Drackley J. K. Biology of Dairy Cows During the Transition Period: the Final Frontier?. 1999 ; J. Dairy Sci 82:2259-2273.
• Duffield TF, Kelton DF, Leslie KE, et al: Use of test day milk fat and milk protein to predict subclinical ketosis in 1997b; Ontario dairy cattle. Can Vet J 38:713-718.
• Duffield TF, Sandals D, Leslie KE, et al: Efficacy of monensin for the prevention of subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cows. 1998; J Dairy Sci 81:2866-2873.
• Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Sandals D, et al: Effect of prepartum administration of a monensin controlled release capsule on cow health and reproductive performance. 1999; J Dairy Sci 82:2377-2384.
• Duffield TF. Subclinical Ketosis in Lactating Dairy Cattle. 2000; Metabolic Disorders of Ruminants. 16,2: 231-253.
• Duffield, T. F., K. D. Lissemore, B. W. McBride, and K. E. Leslie. Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. 2009; J. Dairy Sci. 92:571–580.
• Enjalbert F., Nicot M. C., Bayourthe C. Ketone Bodies in Milk and Blood of Dairy Cows: Relationship between Concentrations and Utilization for Detection of Subclinical Ketosis. 2001; J. Dairy Sci. 84:583–589.
• Georing H.K. and Van Soest P.J.. Forage Fiber Analysis Agric. Handbook No: 379. (Agricultural Research Service) 1970; U.S.Dep. Agric. Washington, D.C.
• Grohn YT, Erb HN, McCulloch CE, et al: Epidemiology of metabolic disorders in dairy cattle: Association among host characteristics, disease, and production. 1989 ; J Dairy Sci 72:1876-1885.
• Grummer R. R., Ethiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows. 1993; J. Dairy Sci. 76:3882–3896.
• Hammon, D. S., I. M. Evjen, T. R. Dhiman, J. P. Goff, and J. L. Walters.. Neutrophil function and energy status in Holstein cows with uterine health disorders. 2006; Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 113:21–29.
• Huzzey, J. M., D. M. Veira, D. M. Weary, and M. A. G. von Keyser- lingk.. Prepartum behavior and dry matter intake identify dairy cows at risk for metritis. 2007; J. Dairy Sci. 90:3220–3233.
• Kahn, C. M., and S. Line.. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 10th ed. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 2010; Whitehouse Station, NJ.
• Kauppinen K: Prevalence of bovine ketosis in relation to number and stage of lactation. 1983 ; Acta Vet Scand 24:349-361.
• Kremer WDJ, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, Grommers FJ, et al: Severity of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in ketonemic and nonketonemic dairy cows. 1993; J Dairy Sci 76:3428- 3436.
• LeBlanc, S. J., K. E. Leslie, and T. F. Duffield. Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. 2005; J. Dairy Sci. 88:159–170.
• LeBlanc, S. Monitoring metabolic health of dairy cattle in the transition period. 2010; J. Reprod. Dev. 56:S29–S35.
• Miettinen PVA, Setala JJ: Relationships between subclinical ketosis, milk production and fertility in Finnish dairy cattle. 1993; Preventive Veterinary Medicine 17:1-8.
• Nielen M, Aarts MGA, Jonkers GM, et al: Evaluation of two cowside tests for the detection of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. 1994; Can Vet J 35:229-232.
• Oetzel, G. R. Monitoring and testing dairy herds for metabolic disease. 2004; Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 20(3), 651-674.
• Ospina, P. A., D. V. Nydam, T. Stokol, and T. R. Overton. Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: Critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. 2010; J. Dairy Sci. 93:546–554.
• Overton, T. R., and M. R. Waldron. "Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health." 2004; Journal of dairy science 87: E105-E119.
• Ruegg, P. L. Investigation of mastitis problems on farms. 2003; Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 19:47–73.
• Sandra J. B., Grummer R. R., Valino C. C., ET AL. (1992). Effect of Prepartum Dry Matter Intake on Liver Triglyceride Concentration and Early Lactation. 1922; J.Dairy Sci. 75:1914.
• Scalia, D., N. Lacetera, U. Bernabucci, K. Demeyere, L. Duchateau, and C. Burvenich. In vitro effects of nonesterified fatty acids on bovine neutrophils oxidative burst and viability. 2006; J. Dairy Sci. 89:147–154.
• Simensen E, Halse K, Gillund P, et al: Ketosis treatment and milk yield in dairy cows related to milk acetoacetate levels. 1990; Acta Vet Scand 31:433-440.
• Stevenson JS, Call EP: Influence of early estrus, ovulation, and insemination on fertility in postpartum Holstein cows. 1983; Theriogenology 19:367-375.
• Suriyasathaporn W., C. Heuer, E. N. Noordhuizen-Stassen, and Y. H. Schukken. Hyperketonemia and the impairment of udder defense: A review. 2000; Vet. Res. 31:397–412.
• Suthar VS, Canelas-Raposo J, Deniz A, Heuwieser W; prevalence of subclinical ketosis and relationships with postpartum diseases in European dairy cows. 2013; J. Dairy Sci. 96: 2925-2938.
• Whitaker DA, Smith EJ, da Rosa GO, et al: Some effects of nutrition and management on the fertility of dairy cattle. 1993; Vet Rec 133:61-64.
• White F, Rattray EAS: The in vitro effect of ketone bodies on the growth curves of mastitis organisms in milk. 1968; J Comp Pathol 78:179-188.
• Whitmore HL, Tyler WJ, Casida LE: Effects of early postpartum breeding in dairy cattle. 1974; J Anim Sci 38:339-346,
• Williams S. AOAC, 1984; Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. ISBN:0-935584-24-2.