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Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-induced Stress

Year 2018, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 491 - 496, 15.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.447022

Abstract

The safe use
of antioxidants and reliable antioxidant applications are a new and important
area of debate that has been continuing for decades. Today, antioxidant plants,
phytochemicals and products are the most popular supplements. Most of them are
sold without a prescription, even though they are used like a medicine. We know
many scientific reports on the benefits of antioxidants but there are also
studies that question whether antioxidant products have harmful effects. Nowadays
antioxidant safety is the one of the most important medical topics at
oxidant-antioxidant balance and oxidative stress. A physiological balance exists
between oxidants and antioxidants in the organism only when both of the forces are
present. Studies which document that antioxidant supplementation, inhibits the reactions
and effects of free radicals are common. But, it is still unclear which exogen
antioxidants and doses should be used to have an efective defense and also what
safe limit is for use. It is possible that many of antioxidant phytochemicals
and supplements can cause harmful changes in tissues by initiating different
mechanisms. The most important question related to the use of antioxidants and
antioxidant safety is the names, amounts, kinds and forms of them. The term
antioxidative stress is a new strategic word on oxidant-antioxidant balance as
like as oxidative stress. Antioxidants may cause stress in tisssues which
refers to antioxidative stress. An extraordinary attention on antioxidative
stress is a necessity for today's medical disciplines. The further studies are
needed to clarify the harmful effects of antioxidants and antioxidative stress
for the antioxidant safety. We aimed to focuse on the antioxidant-induced
stress. For this reason, some reports on the harmful effects of antioxidants have
been discussed in this paper.

References

  • Aslan R, Şekeroğlu MR, Tarakçıoğlu M, Bayıroğlu F, Meral İ. Effect Of Acute And Regular Exercise On Antioxidative Enzymes, Tissue Damage Markers And Membran Lipid Peroxidation of Erythrocytes in Sedentary Students. Turkish Journal of Medical Science 1998; 4(28): 411-15.
  • Aslan R, Dündar Y. Nitric Oxide as a Biophysiological Component and a Radical Metabolite. Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi 1998; 8(1-2): 34-38.
  • Aslan R. Homeostatik Mekanizmanın Korunması ve Sağaltımda Antioksidanlar. İlaç ve Tedavi Dergisi 1999; 12(8): 475-480.
  • Azam S, Hadi N, Khan NU, Hadi SM. Prooxidant property of green tea polyphenols epicatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate: implications for anticancer properties. Toxicology. 2004;18: 555-61.
  • Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of hdl to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low hdl. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21: 1320-1326.
  • Childs A, Jacobs C, Kaminski T, Halliwell B, Leeuwenburgh C. Supplementation with vitamin c and n-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise. Free Radic. Biol Med. 2001; 31: 745-753.
  • Clarkson PM. Antioxidants and physical performance. Critical Reviews in Food and Nutrition. 1995; 35(1-2): 131-141.
  • Çevik C, Aslan R. Effects of photoperiod variations and alpha-lipoic acid treatment on melatonin, cortisol, and oxidative stress levels in the blood of rats. Turk J Biol 2015; 39: 941-949.
  • Dündar Y, Aslan R. Antioxidative stress. Eastern J Med. 2000; 5: 45-47.
  • Evcimen M, Aslan R, Gulay MS. Protective effects of polydatin and grape seed extract in rats exposed to cadmium. Drug and Chemical Toxicology June 2018; DOI:10.1080/01480545.2018.1480629
  • Gutierrez J, Ballinger SW, Darley-Usmar VM, Landar A. Free radicals, mitochondria, and oxidized lipids: The emerging role in signal transduction in vascular cells. Circ Res. 2006; 99: 924–932.
  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995; 18: 125–126.
  • Halliwell B. Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008; 476: 107-112.
  • Halliwell B. The wanderings of a free radical. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009; 46: 531-542.
  • Herbert V. Viewpoint does mega-C do more good than harm, or more harm than good? Nutrition Today 1993; 28: 126-33.
  • Ji LL. Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: Role of redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008; 44: 142-152.
  • Lakshman MR. Alpha and omega of carotenoid cleavage. J Nutr. 2004; 134:241S-245S.
  • Martin HD, Ruck C, Schmidt M, Sell S, Beutner S, Mayer B, Walsh R. Chemistry of carotenoid oxidation and free radical reactions. Pure Appl Chem. 1999; 71: 2253-2262.
  • McCord JM, Keele BB, Fridovich I. An enzyme-based theory of obligate anaerobiosis: The physiological function of superoxide dismutase. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1971; 68: 1024-1027.
  • Munik MS, Ekmekcioğlu C. Prooxidant effects of melatonin: a brief review. Turk J Biol. 2015; 39: 832-839.
  • Narwaley M, Michail K, Arvadia P, Siraki AG. Drug-induced protein free radical formation is attenuated by unsaturated fatty acids by scavenging drug-derived phenyl radical metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011; 24: 1031-1039.
  • Niki E. Vitamin C as an antioxidant. Vitamins, Minerals, and Functional Consequences of Maternal Malnutrition. World Res. Nutr. Diet. Basel Karger. 1991; 64: 4-30.
  • Pechanova O, Simko F. Chronic antioxidant therapy fails to ameliorate hypertension: Potential mechanisms behind. J Hypertens. 2009; 27: 32-36.
  • Poljsak B, Gazdag Z, Jenko-Brinovec S, Fujs S, Pesti M, Belagyi J, Plesnicar S, Raspor P. Pro-oxidative vs antioxidative properties of ascorbic acid in chromium-induced damage: An in vivo and in vitro approach. J Appl Toxicol. 2005; 25: 535-548.
  • Poljsak B, Milisav I. The Neglected Significance of “Antioxidative Stress” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012; P:1-12 doi:10.1155/2012/480895
  • Ristow M, Zarse K, Oberbach A, Kloting N, Birringer M, Kiehntopf M, Stumvoll M, Kahn CR, Bluher M. Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009; 106: 8665-8670.
  • Robaszkiewicz A, Balcerczyk A, Bartosz G. Antioxidative and prooxidative effects of quercetin on A549 cells. Cell biology international 2007; 31: 1245-50.
  • Sevanian A, Davies KJ, Hochstein P. Serum urate as an antioxidant for ascorbic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 54: 1129S-1134S.
  • Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. The combination of vitamin c and grape seed polyphenols increases blood pressure: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2005; 23: 427-434.
  • Witting LA. Vitamin E and lipid antioxidants in free radical-initiated reactions. In Priyor A (ed) Free radicals in biology. IV. New York Academic Press. 1980; 295-319.
  • Villanueva C, Kross RD. Antioxidant-Induced Stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2012; 13(2); 2091-109.
  • Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai HL, Huang SL. Pro-oxidative properties of flavonoids in human lymphocytes. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2003; 67: 1215-22.
  • Yeum KJ, Aldini G, Russell RM, Krinsky NI. Antioxidant/pro-oxidant Actions of Carotenoids. In Carotenoids. Birkhäuser Verlag: Basel, Switzerland. 2009; 5: 235-268.

Antioksidan Güvenliği ve Antioksidan Kaynaklı Stres

Year 2018, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 491 - 496, 15.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.447022

Abstract

Antioksidanların
güvenli kullanımı ve güvenilir antioksidan uygulamaları, on yıllar boyu devam
edecek yeni ve önemli bir tartışma alanıdır.
Günümüzde
antioksidan bitkiler, fitokimyasallar ve antioksidan ürünler en popüler tıbbi
ürünlerdir. Büyük çoğunluğu ilaç gibi kullanılmasına rağmen bu ürünler
reçetesiz satılır. Antioksidanların yararları hakkında birçok bilimsel rapor
biliyoruz, ancak olası zararlı etkilerini sorgulayan araştırmalar ve önemli
raporlar da mevcuttur. Aslında antioksidan güvenliği, oksidan-antioksidan denge
açısından çok önemlidir. Organizmadaki oksidanlar ve antioksidanlar arasındaki
fizyolojik denge, bu kuvvetlerin her ikisi de geçerli olduğunda dengelenir.
Antioksidan takviyesinin serbest radikal ürünleri, reaksiyonları ve etkilerini
engellediğini belgeleyen çalışmalar yaygındır. Ancak, etkili bir antioksidan
savunmaya sahip olmak için hangi ajanların ve hangi miktarların gerekli olduğu
ve hangi dozun kullanım için güvenli limiti yansıttığı hala bilinmemektedir.
Ekzojen antioksidan fitokimyasalların ve eklerin çoğu, farklı mekanizmalar
başlatarak dokularda zararlı değişikliklere neden olabilir. Antioksidan
kullanımı ile ilgili en önemli nokta, antioksidan güvenliği için bunların
çeşitleri, formları ve dozlarıdır. Antioksidatif stres terimi oksidatif stres
gibi oksidan-antioksidan dengesinde yeni bir stratejik kelimedir.
Antioksidanlar, dokuları antioksidatif stres olarak adlandırılan strese
yönlendirebilir. Olağanüstü bir dikkat ve antioksidan strese odaklanmak,
bugünün medikal disiplinleri için bir zorunluluktur. Antioksidan güvenlik için
antioksidan ve antioksidan stresin zararlı etkilerini aydınlatmak için daha
ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Bu derlemenin amacı antioksidan
kaynaklı strese odaklanmaktır, bu nedenle bu çalışmada antioksidanların zararlı
etkileri hakkındaki mevcut kanıtlar analiz edilmiştir.

References

  • Aslan R, Şekeroğlu MR, Tarakçıoğlu M, Bayıroğlu F, Meral İ. Effect Of Acute And Regular Exercise On Antioxidative Enzymes, Tissue Damage Markers And Membran Lipid Peroxidation of Erythrocytes in Sedentary Students. Turkish Journal of Medical Science 1998; 4(28): 411-15.
  • Aslan R, Dündar Y. Nitric Oxide as a Biophysiological Component and a Radical Metabolite. Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi 1998; 8(1-2): 34-38.
  • Aslan R. Homeostatik Mekanizmanın Korunması ve Sağaltımda Antioksidanlar. İlaç ve Tedavi Dergisi 1999; 12(8): 475-480.
  • Azam S, Hadi N, Khan NU, Hadi SM. Prooxidant property of green tea polyphenols epicatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate: implications for anticancer properties. Toxicology. 2004;18: 555-61.
  • Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of hdl to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low hdl. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21: 1320-1326.
  • Childs A, Jacobs C, Kaminski T, Halliwell B, Leeuwenburgh C. Supplementation with vitamin c and n-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise. Free Radic. Biol Med. 2001; 31: 745-753.
  • Clarkson PM. Antioxidants and physical performance. Critical Reviews in Food and Nutrition. 1995; 35(1-2): 131-141.
  • Çevik C, Aslan R. Effects of photoperiod variations and alpha-lipoic acid treatment on melatonin, cortisol, and oxidative stress levels in the blood of rats. Turk J Biol 2015; 39: 941-949.
  • Dündar Y, Aslan R. Antioxidative stress. Eastern J Med. 2000; 5: 45-47.
  • Evcimen M, Aslan R, Gulay MS. Protective effects of polydatin and grape seed extract in rats exposed to cadmium. Drug and Chemical Toxicology June 2018; DOI:10.1080/01480545.2018.1480629
  • Gutierrez J, Ballinger SW, Darley-Usmar VM, Landar A. Free radicals, mitochondria, and oxidized lipids: The emerging role in signal transduction in vascular cells. Circ Res. 2006; 99: 924–932.
  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995; 18: 125–126.
  • Halliwell B. Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008; 476: 107-112.
  • Halliwell B. The wanderings of a free radical. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009; 46: 531-542.
  • Herbert V. Viewpoint does mega-C do more good than harm, or more harm than good? Nutrition Today 1993; 28: 126-33.
  • Ji LL. Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: Role of redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008; 44: 142-152.
  • Lakshman MR. Alpha and omega of carotenoid cleavage. J Nutr. 2004; 134:241S-245S.
  • Martin HD, Ruck C, Schmidt M, Sell S, Beutner S, Mayer B, Walsh R. Chemistry of carotenoid oxidation and free radical reactions. Pure Appl Chem. 1999; 71: 2253-2262.
  • McCord JM, Keele BB, Fridovich I. An enzyme-based theory of obligate anaerobiosis: The physiological function of superoxide dismutase. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1971; 68: 1024-1027.
  • Munik MS, Ekmekcioğlu C. Prooxidant effects of melatonin: a brief review. Turk J Biol. 2015; 39: 832-839.
  • Narwaley M, Michail K, Arvadia P, Siraki AG. Drug-induced protein free radical formation is attenuated by unsaturated fatty acids by scavenging drug-derived phenyl radical metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011; 24: 1031-1039.
  • Niki E. Vitamin C as an antioxidant. Vitamins, Minerals, and Functional Consequences of Maternal Malnutrition. World Res. Nutr. Diet. Basel Karger. 1991; 64: 4-30.
  • Pechanova O, Simko F. Chronic antioxidant therapy fails to ameliorate hypertension: Potential mechanisms behind. J Hypertens. 2009; 27: 32-36.
  • Poljsak B, Gazdag Z, Jenko-Brinovec S, Fujs S, Pesti M, Belagyi J, Plesnicar S, Raspor P. Pro-oxidative vs antioxidative properties of ascorbic acid in chromium-induced damage: An in vivo and in vitro approach. J Appl Toxicol. 2005; 25: 535-548.
  • Poljsak B, Milisav I. The Neglected Significance of “Antioxidative Stress” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012; P:1-12 doi:10.1155/2012/480895
  • Ristow M, Zarse K, Oberbach A, Kloting N, Birringer M, Kiehntopf M, Stumvoll M, Kahn CR, Bluher M. Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009; 106: 8665-8670.
  • Robaszkiewicz A, Balcerczyk A, Bartosz G. Antioxidative and prooxidative effects of quercetin on A549 cells. Cell biology international 2007; 31: 1245-50.
  • Sevanian A, Davies KJ, Hochstein P. Serum urate as an antioxidant for ascorbic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 54: 1129S-1134S.
  • Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. The combination of vitamin c and grape seed polyphenols increases blood pressure: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2005; 23: 427-434.
  • Witting LA. Vitamin E and lipid antioxidants in free radical-initiated reactions. In Priyor A (ed) Free radicals in biology. IV. New York Academic Press. 1980; 295-319.
  • Villanueva C, Kross RD. Antioxidant-Induced Stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2012; 13(2); 2091-109.
  • Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai HL, Huang SL. Pro-oxidative properties of flavonoids in human lymphocytes. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2003; 67: 1215-22.
  • Yeum KJ, Aldini G, Russell RM, Krinsky NI. Antioxidant/pro-oxidant Actions of Carotenoids. In Carotenoids. Birkhäuser Verlag: Basel, Switzerland. 2009; 5: 235-268.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section REVIEW
Authors

Recep Aslan

Publication Date December 15, 2018
Acceptance Date October 17, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 11 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Aslan, R. (2018). Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-induced Stress. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 11(4), 491-496. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.447022
AMA Aslan R. Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-induced Stress. kvj. December 2018;11(4):491-496. doi:10.30607/kvj.447022
Chicago Aslan, Recep. “Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-Induced Stress”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 11, no. 4 (December 2018): 491-96. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.447022.
EndNote Aslan R (December 1, 2018) Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-induced Stress. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 11 4 491–496.
IEEE R. Aslan, “Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-induced Stress”, kvj, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 491–496, 2018, doi: 10.30607/kvj.447022.
ISNAD Aslan, Recep. “Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-Induced Stress”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 11/4 (December 2018), 491-496. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.447022.
JAMA Aslan R. Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-induced Stress. kvj. 2018;11:491–496.
MLA Aslan, Recep. “Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-Induced Stress”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, 2018, pp. 491-6, doi:10.30607/kvj.447022.
Vancouver Aslan R. Antioxidant Safety and Antioxidant-induced Stress. kvj. 2018;11(4):491-6.

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