The Presence and Prevalence of Bovine Parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), Bovine Papillomaviruses (BPV), Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) in Subclinical Mastitis in Cattle

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 135 - 143, 30.06.2019

Serdar Altun , Selçuk Özdemir , Yavuz Selim Sağlam

https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.478100

Cited By: 1

Abstract

In general, bacterial
pathogens are the focus of mastitis studies. Symptoms of mastitis may be absent
in cases of viral infection, because other clinical symptoms are more dominant.
Subclinical mastitis cases cannot be generally diagnosed and as a consequence,
they are not investigated very well. This may lead to the inability of viral
agents to be predicted in bovine subclinical cases. There are many viral agents
associated with bovine mastitis and which may cause subclinical mastitis in
dairy cattle. However, since viral infections have not been much investigated
in mastitis studies, strategies developed against subclinical mastitis may be
inadequate. Bovine Parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), Bovine Papillomaviruses (BPV),
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) could cause clinical and subclinical
mastitis.  The aim of the present study
was to investigate the presence and prevalence of BPIV-3, BPV, and BHV-1 viral
agents in subclinical mastitis case in Erzurum province.  For this purpose, 120 bovine mammary tissues
with no macroscopic lesions were collected and these tissues were examined with
histopathology and immunofluorescence methods. Thereafter, all viruses were
identified with qRT-PCR in mammary tissues. The end of histopathologic process
78 of 120 cases (56 chronic subclinic mastitis, 22 acut mastitis) was found
severity of inflammatory changes. According to the results of
immunofluorescence staining for all sections. The immun positive signs for
BPIV-3 BPV, and BHV-1 was determined in 50 out of 120 cases. qRT-PCR results
which compatible with immunofluorescence results showed that BPIV-3 agent was
detected by the qRT-PCR in 26/120 samples, BPV-2 agent in 8/120 samples, BHV-1
agent in 16/120 samples, and BPV-1 agent in 7/120 samples (only by
qRT-PCR).  Coinfection with BPIV-3 and
BHV-1 was detected in 5/120 samples, BPIV-3, and BPV-1 in 3/120 samples, BHV-1,
and BPV-2 in 2/120 samples. According to our results, although the role of
viral agents in mastitis disease has not been clearly elucidated, we have found
that viral agents are common in mammary tissues with subclinical mastitis. 

Keywords

Subclinical mastit, qRT-PCR, Bovine Parainfluenza 3, Bovine Papillomaviruses, Bovine Herpesvirus 1, Immunofluorescence

Sığırlarda Subklinik Mastitisde Sığır Parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), Sığır Papillomavirüsleri (BPV), Sığır Herpesvirüs 1 (BHV-1) Varlığı ve Prevalansı

Abstract

Genellikle etiyolojik
mastitis çalışmaları bakteriyel patojenler üzerine odaklanmıştır. Viral
enfeksiyon vakalarında mastit belirtileri, diğer klinik semptomlar daha baskın
olduğu için gözden kaçabilmektedir. 
Subklinik mastitis olguları genellikle teşhis edilemediği için çok iyi
araştırılmamıştır. Bu durum sığır subklinik mastitis vakalarında viral
ajanların önlenememesine yol açabilmektedir. Sığırlarda mastitis ile ilişkili
ve süt sığırlarında subklinik mastite neden olabilecek birçok viral ajan
tanımlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, mastitis çalışmalarında viral enfeksiyonlar
çok fazla araştırılmamış olduğundan, subklinik mastitislere karşı geliştirilen
stratejiler yetersiz olabilir. Sığır Parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), Sığır
papillomavirüsleri (BPV), sığır herpes virüsü 1 (BHV-1) klinik ve subklinik
mastitlerde rol aldığı düşünülen viral ajanlardır. Bu çalışmada, Erzurum
ilindeki subklinik mastitis olgularındaki BPIV-3, BPV ve BHV-1 viral ajanlarının
varlığının ve prevalansının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 120 büyükbaş
hayvanın makroskobik olarak lezyon izlenmyen meme doku örnekleri toplandı ve bu
dokular histopatoloji ve immünofloresan yöntemlerle incelendi. Ayrıca, meme
dokularında belirlenen viral etkenlerin varlığı qRT-PCR ile araştırıldı.
Toplanan 120 örneğe yapılan histopatolojik değerlendirme sonucunda (56 kronik
mastit, 22 akut mastit) 78 örnekte yangısal değişikliklere rastlandı. Tüm
dokulara uygulanan immünofloresan boyama sonuçlarına göre 120 olguda kronik
mastitis tanısı konan 50 örnekte pozitif reaksiyonlara rastlandı. qRT-PCR
sonuçlarına göre
immunfloresan
boyama sonuçlarıyla uyumlu olarak toplam 50 (%41.6) örnekte etkenlerin DNA
varlıkları tespit edildi. BPIV-3 etkenine 26/120,  BPV-2 etkenine 8/120, BHV-1 etkenine 16/120
oranında olduğu tespit edildi. Sadece qRT-PCR yöntemi kullanılarak 7/120
oranında BPV-1 etkenine rastlandı. 
Ayrıca, 5/120 oranında BPIV3 ve BHV-1, 3/120 oranında BPIV-3 ve BPV-1,
2/120 oranında ise BHV-1 ve BPV-2 etkenlerine birlikte rastlandı. Yapılan
çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, mastitis hastalığında viral ajanların
rolü açık bir şekilde aydınlatılmamış olmakla birlikte, viral ajanların
subklinik mastitli meme dokularında yaygın olduğunu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Subklinik mastitis, qRT-PCR, Sığır Parainfluenza 3, Sığır Papillomavirüsleri, Sığır Herpes virüsü 1, İmmünofloresan

References

• Bilge S. Detection of antibodies of IBR-IPV infection in blood and milk by serum neutralization test and virus isolation from milk samples in dairy cows. Vet. Fakultesi Dergisi, Ankara Turkey. 1998; 45: 313–321.
• Bogni C, Odierno L, Raspanti C, Giraudo J, Larriestra A, Reinoso, E, Lasagno M, Ferrari M, Ducro´s E, Frigerio C, Bettera S, Pellegrino, M, Frola I, Dieser S, Vissio C. War against mastitis: current concepts on controlling bovine mastitis Pathogens. In: Me´ndez-Vilas A (ed) Science against microbial pathogens:communicating current research and technological advances. World Scientific, Singapore. 2011; 483–494.
• Francis PG. Teat skin lesions and mastitis. Br. Vet. J. 1984; 140: 430–436.
• Gomes F, Henriques M. Control of Bovine Mastitis: Old and Recent Therapeutic Approaches”, Curr Microbiol. 2016;72(4): 377-82Gourlay RN, Stott EJ, Espinasse J, Barle C. Isolation of Mycoplasma agalactiae var. bovis and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from an outbreak of mastitis in France. Vet. Rec. 1974; 95: 534–535.
• Gürbulak K, Canooğlu E, Abay M, Atabay Ö, Bekyürek T. İneklerde subklinik mastitisin farklı yöntemlerle saptanması. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2009; 15(5): 765–770.
• Kawakami Y, Kaji T, Kume T, Omuro M, Hiramune T, Murase N, Matumoto M. Infection of cattle with parainfluenza 3 virus with special reference to udder infection. I. Virus isolation from milk. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 1966a; 10: 159–169.
• Kawakami Y, Kaji T, Omuro M, Maruyama Y, Hiramune T, Murase N, Matumoto M. Infection of cattle with parainfluenza 3 virus with special reference to udder infection. II. Pathology of the virus to cattle, with particular reference to the mammary gland. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 1966b; 10: 171–182.
• Kubis P, Materniak M, Kuzmak J. Comparison of nested PCR and qPCR for the detection and quantitation of BoHV6 DNA. Journal of Virological Methods. 2013; 194: 94–101.
• Martin JR, Harvey D, Montpetit C. Bovine herpetic mammillitis in Quebec. Can Vet. J. 1987; 28, 529-523.
• Martin WB, Martin B, Lauder IM. Bovine ulcerative mammillitis caused by a herpesvirus. Vet. Rec. 1966; 78: 494–497.
• Olson C. Papillomaviruses. In: Dinter, Z., Morein, B. (Eds.), Virus Infections of Ruminants. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1990; 189–200.
• Pangty K, Singh S, Goswami R, Saikumar G, Somvanshi R. Detection of BPV-1 and -2 and Quantification of BPV-1 by Real-Time PCR in Cutaneous Warts in Cattle and Buffaloes. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2010; 57: 185–196.
• Petrovski KR, Trajcev M, Buneski G. A review of the factors affecting the costs of bovine mastitis”, J South Afr Vet Assoc. 2006; 77: 52–60.
• Reid SM, Parida S, King DP, Hutchings GH, Shaw AE, Ferris NP, Zhang Z, Hillerton JE, Paton DJ. Utility of automated real-time RT-PCR for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk. Vet Res. 2006; 37: 121-32.
• Roberts AW, Carter GR, Carter FA. Infectious bovine rhinotrache¨ ıtis virus recovered from milk of a cow with mastitis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1974; 164: 413.
• Sandev N, Koleva M, Bınev R, Ilieva D. Influence of enzootic leukosis virus upon the incidence of subclinical mastitis in cows at a different stage of infection. Vet. Arhiv. 2004; 74: 411-416.
• Senft B, Neudecker J. Abwehrmechanismen der bovinen Milchdru¨se. Tiera¨rztl. Praxis. 1991; 19: 357–363.
• Sharma A, Dhingra P, Pander BL, Kumar R. Bovine subclinical mastitis: prevalence and treatment with homeopathic medicine. Intl. J. Cow Sci. 2006; 2: 40-44.
• Thonur L, Maley M, Gilray J, Crook T, Laming E, Turnbull D, Nath M, Willoughby K. One-step multiplex real time RT-PCR for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine parainfluenza virus 3. BMC Veterinary Research. 2012; 8:37.
• Vav der Molen EJ, Vecht U, Houwers DJ. A chronic indurative mastitis in sheep, associated with maedi/visna infection. Vet Q. 1985; 7: 112-119.
• Wellenberg GJ, Van der Poel WHM, Van der Vorst TJK, Van Valkengoed PHR, Schukken Y.,Wagenaar F, Van Oirschot JT. Bovine herpesvirus 4 in bovine clinical mastitis. Vet. Rec. 2000; 147: 222–225.
• Wellenberga GJ, van der Poelb WHM, Van Oirschota JT. Viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review. Veterinary Microbiology. 2002; 88: 27–45.
• William JB, Kirubaharan JJ, Uthuman KM, Kumanan K, Balachandran S. Survey on incidence and complications of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis. Indian Vet. J. 1992; 69: 843–844.
• Yoshikawa H, Xie B., Oyamada T., Hıraga A., Yoshikawa T. Detection of bovine leukemia virus in mammary tissues of BLV antibody-positive cows affected by subclinical mastitis, J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1997; 59: 301-302.