Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Türkiye - Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinde Yolsuzlukla Mücadele

Year 2023, Issue: 112, 135 - 158, 05.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1329408

Abstract

Yolsuzlukla mücadele gündemi, uluslararası örgütlerin ulus-devletlerle olan ilişkilerinin belirgin bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Bu makale, Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği (AB) üyeliği kapsamında kritik önem taşıyan yolsuzlukla mücadelesini analiz etmektedir. Ayrıca AB’nin aday ülkelere yönelik çerçevesi ve konuya yaklaşımı değerlendirilmektedir. Bu amaçla Türkiye ile ilgili 1998-2021 yılları arasındaki 80 AB belgesi üzerinde, süreç analizine dayalı nitel doküman analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz, yolsuzluğun Türkiye’de kalıcı bir sorun olarak birçok alanda yaygın olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. İlerleme hâlâ yavaş ve Türkiye yolsuzlukla mücadelede üyelik gerekliliklerini yerine getirmekten çok uzaktadır. AB, kurumsal kapasite ve yönetişim, uluslararası taahhütler, kayırmacılığa ve siyasi yolsuzluğa karşı mücadele ve yargı bağımsızlığına odaklanarak Türkiye’de yolsuzlukla mücadele için siyasi iradeye ve yeni bir stratejiye işaret etmektedir.

Project Number

Research Grants: Short-Term Grants - 2022 (57588366)

References

  • Acar M. and Emek, U. (2009). Preventing corruption in Turkey: Issues, instruments, and institutions. In T. Gong and S. K. Ma (Eds.), Preventing corruption in Asia: Institutional design and policy capacity (pp. 164-188), London and New York: Routledge.
  • Adaman, F. (2011). Is corruption a drawback to Turkey’s accession to the European Union? South European Society and Politics, 16(2), 309-321.
  • Bautista-Beauchesne, N. and Garzon, C. (2019). Conceptualizing corruption prevention: A systematic literature review. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(3), 719-745.
  • Bedirhanoğlu, P. (2007). The neoliberal discourse on corruption as a means of consent building: Reflections from post-crisis Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 28(7), 1239-1254.
  • Bieber, F. (2018). The rise (and fall) of Balkan stabilitocracies. Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, 10, 176–185.
  • Börzel, T. A. and Pamuk, Y. (2012). Pathologies of Europeanisation: Fighting corruption in the southern Caucasus. West European Politics, 35(1), 79-97.
  • Çaha, H. (2009). Turkey’de yolsuzluk: yapısal boyutlar ve uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 42(1), 105-137.
  • Council of Europe. (1997). Resolution 97(24) on the twenty guiding principles for the fight against corruption. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/Display DCTMContent?documentId=09000016806cc17c
  • Disch, A. et al. (2009). Anti-corruption approaches: A literature review. Retrieved from https://cdn.sida.se/publications/files/sida61321en-anti-corruption-approaches-a-literature-review.pdf
  • European Commission. (2003). Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee on a comprehensive EU policy against corruption. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52003DC0317&from=EN
  • European Commission. (2012). The Stockholm programme:- An open and secure Europe serving and protecting the citizens. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/stockholm-programme-open-and-secure-europe-serving-and-protecting-citizens-0_en
  • European Commission. [1998a-2021a]. Regular progress report on Türkiye/Türkiye progress report/Türkiye report. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/strategy-and-reports_en
  • European Commission. [1998b-2021b]. Enlargement strategy papers. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/strategy-and-reports_en
  • European Commission. (2023a).Türkiye 2023 report. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement. ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_696%20T%C3%BCrkiye%20report.pdf
  • European Commission. (2023b). Corruption. Retrieved from https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/internal-security/corruption_en
  • European Commission. (2023c). Accession criteria. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/glossary/accession-criteria_en
  • European Commission. (2023d). Chapters of the acquis. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/conditions-membership/chapters-acquis_en
  • European Parliament. (2004). European Parliament resolution on the 2003 regular report of the Commission on Turkey’s progress towards accession. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-5-2004-0204_EN.html
  • European Parliament. (2006). Motion for a European Parliament resolution on Turkey’s progress towards accession (2006/2118(INI)). Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-6-2006-0269_EN.html
  • FATF. (2019). Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures: Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/mer4/Mutual-Evaluation-Report-Turkey-2019.pdf
  • Galtung, F. (2001). The political economy of corruption control. Retrieved from https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/860-corruption-critical-assessments-of-contemporary.pdf
  • Heinrich, F. and Hodess, R. (2011). Measuring corruption. In A. Graycar and R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption (pp. 18–33). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Jain, A. K. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71-121.
  • Kaliber, A. and Kaliber, E. (2019). From de-Europeanisation to anti-Western populism: Turkish foreign policy in flux. The International Spectator, 54(4), 1-16.
  • Karakaş, M. and Çak, M. (2007). Yolsuzlukla mücadelede uluslararası kuruluşların rolü. Maliye Dergisi, 153, 74-101.
  • Kıvanç, Ü. (2015). Pan-İslamcının macera kılavuzu. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
  • Kimya, F. (2019). Political economy of corruption in Turkey: Declining petty corruption, rise of cronyism? Turkish Studies, 20(3), 351-376.
  • Kmezić, M. (2019). EU rule of law conditionality: Democracy or ‘stabilitocracy’ promotion in the western Balkans?. In J. Džankić, S. Keil and M. Kmezić (Eds.), The Europeanisation of the western Balkans. New perspectives on south-east Europe. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Martin-Russe, L. (2022). Introduction: The European paradox of expecting corrupt political elites to lead the fight against corruption. In L. M. Russe (Ed.), Deforming the reform (pp. 1-17). Frankfurt: Springer.
  • MFA. (Turkey), (2009). National programme of Turkey for the adoption of the EU acquis – 2001. Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/_42260_en.html
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2012). National programme of Turkey for the adoption of the EU acquis – 2008. Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/_42260_en.html
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2019). Turkey’s programme for alignment with the acquis (2007-2013). Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/turkeys-programme-for-alignment-with-the-acquis-2007-2013-_6_en.html
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2020). Press release regarding the 2020 country report on Turkey by the European Commission. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-236_-avrupa-komisyonu-2020-turkiye-raporu-hk.en.mfa
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2021a). National action plan for EU accession: January 2016 - December 2019. Retrieved From https://www.ab.gov.tr/50083_en.html
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2021b). Turkey’s national action plan for the EU accession: January 2021- December 2023. Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/birimler/kpb/uep/21_23_UEP_EN.pdf
  • Mousseau, D. Y. (2012). Is Turkey democratizing with EU reforms?: An assessment of human rights, corruption and socio-economic conditions. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 12(1), 63-80.
  • Moran, J. (2002). Anti-corruption reforms in the police: Current strategies and issues. The Police Journal, 75(2), 137-159.
  • Nye, J. S. (1967). Corruption and political development: A cost-benefit analysis. The American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417-427.
  • O’Leary, Z. (2014). The essential guide to doing your research project. Thousand Oaks-CA: Sage Publications.
  • OECD. (2021). Turkey should urgently implement key reforms to boost fight against foreign bribery, including to preserve independence of investigations and prosecutions. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/turkey-should-urgently-implement-key-reforms-to-boost-fight-against-foreign-bribery-including-to-preserve-independence-of-investigations-and- prosecutions.htm
  • OHCHR. (2022). About good governance. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/good- governance/about-good-governance
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2001). Council decision of 8 March 2001 on the principles, priorities, intermediate objectives and conditions contained in the accession partnership with the Republic of Turkey.
  • Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/? uri=CELEX:32001D0235&qid=1650272634730&from=EN
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2003). Council decision of 19 May 2003 on the principles, priorities, intermediate objectives and conditions contained in the accession partnership with Turkey. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003D0398&from=EN
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2006). Council decision of 23 January 2006 on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the accession partnership with Turkey. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006D0035&from=EN
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2008). Council decision of 18 February 2008 on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the accession partnership with the Republic of Turkey and repealing decision 2006/35/EC. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008D0157
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2012). Consolidated version of the treaty on the functioning of the European Union. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2bf140bf-a3f8-4ab2-b506-fd71826e6da6.0023.02/DOC_2&format=PDF
  • Onbaşı, N. (2020). The role of populist strategies in differing outcomes of corruption scandals in Brazil and Turkey. Turkish Studies, 21(2), 188-207.
  • Ömürgönülşen, U. and Doig, A. (2012). Why the gap? Turkey, EU accession, corruption and culture. Turkish Studies, 13(1), 7-25.
  • Öniş, Z. and Yılmaz, Ş. (2009). Between Europeanization and Euro-asianism: Foreign policy activism in Turkey during the AKP era. Turkish Studies, 10(1), 7-24.
  • Saurugger, S. and Radaelli, C. M. (2008). The Europeanization of public policies: Introduction. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 10(3), 213-219.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. and Scholtz, H. (2008). EU democracy promotion in the European neighbourhood political conditionality, economic development and transnational exchange. European Union Politics, 9(2), 187-215.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. and Sedelmeier, U. (2004). Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of central and eastern Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), 661-679.
  • Schwarz, O. (2021). Progress report monitor. Retrieved from https://www.uni-due.de/politik/ progmonitor.php Sequeira, S. (2012). Advances in measuring corruption in the field. In D. Serra and L. Wantchekon (Eds.), New advances in experimental research on corruption (pp. 145-175). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Soyaltın, D. (2017). Public sector reforms to fight corruption in Turkey: A case of failed Europeanization? Turkish Studies, 18(3), 439-458.
  • Soyaltin-Colella, D. (2020). Uluslararası ve bölgesel yolsuzlukla mücadele rejimlerinde yaptırım ve sosyal baskı: Karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(1), 61-77.
  • Stessens, G. (2001). The international fight against corruption. Revue Internationale de Droit Pénal, 4(72), 891-937. The World Bank. (2017). Country partnership framework for the Republic of Turkey for the period Fy18-Fy21. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/585411504231252220/pdf/Turkey-CPF-08072017.pdf
  • The World Bank. (2023). The worldwide governance indicators - control of corruption. Retrieved from http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
  • Transparency International. (2009). Integrity pacts. Retrieved from http://archive.transparency.org/layout/set/print/global_priorities/public_ contracting/integrity_pacts.
  • Transparency International. (2020). Examining state capture: Undue influence on law-making and the judiciary in the western Balkans and Turkey. Retrieved from https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2020_Report_ExaminingStateCapture_English.pdf
  • Transparency International. (2022). 25 corruption scandals that shook the world. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/news/25-corruption-scandals
  • Transparency International. (2023). Corruption perceptions index: Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/tur
  • UNODC. (2004). United Nations convention against corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-50026_E.pdf
  • UNODC. (2016). Review of implementation of the United Nations convention against corruption: Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/WorkingGroups/ImplementationReviewGroup/ExecutiveSummaries/V1601608e.pdf
  • UNODC. (2022). Effects of corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/anti- corruption/module-1/key-issues/effects-of-corruption.html
  • UNODC. (2022b). Theories that explain corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/anti- corruption/module-4/key-issues/theories-that-explain-corruption.html Commission
  • Yılmaz, G. and Soyaltın, D. (2014). Zooming into the ‘domestic’ in Europeanization: Promotion of fight against corruption and minority rights in Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(1), 11-29.
  • Yılmaz, G. (2016). From Europeanization to de-Europeanization: The Europeanization process of Turkey in 1999–2014. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24(1), 86-100.

The Fight against Corruption in Turkey - European Union Relations

Year 2023, Issue: 112, 135 - 158, 05.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1329408

Abstract

The agenda for the fight against corruption has become a prominent part of the relationships of international organizations with nation-states. This article analyses the fight against corruption as a vital topic in Turkey’s bid for European Union (EU) membership. It also assesses the EU’s approach and framework for the candidate countries. For this purpose, qualitative document analysis is carried out on 80 EU documents on Turkey for the years between 1998 and 2021, based on process tracing. The analysis demonstrates that corruption is a persistent issue in Turkey across multiple fields. Progress is still slow, and Turkey is far from fulfilling the membership requirements for the fight against corruption. The EU has advocated for political will and a new strategy to address corruption in Turkey, focusing on institutional capacity and governance, international commitments, the fight against
clientelism and political corruption, and the independence of the judiciary.

Supporting Institution

German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

Project Number

Research Grants: Short-Term Grants - 2022 (57588366)

References

  • Acar M. and Emek, U. (2009). Preventing corruption in Turkey: Issues, instruments, and institutions. In T. Gong and S. K. Ma (Eds.), Preventing corruption in Asia: Institutional design and policy capacity (pp. 164-188), London and New York: Routledge.
  • Adaman, F. (2011). Is corruption a drawback to Turkey’s accession to the European Union? South European Society and Politics, 16(2), 309-321.
  • Bautista-Beauchesne, N. and Garzon, C. (2019). Conceptualizing corruption prevention: A systematic literature review. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(3), 719-745.
  • Bedirhanoğlu, P. (2007). The neoliberal discourse on corruption as a means of consent building: Reflections from post-crisis Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 28(7), 1239-1254.
  • Bieber, F. (2018). The rise (and fall) of Balkan stabilitocracies. Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, 10, 176–185.
  • Börzel, T. A. and Pamuk, Y. (2012). Pathologies of Europeanisation: Fighting corruption in the southern Caucasus. West European Politics, 35(1), 79-97.
  • Çaha, H. (2009). Turkey’de yolsuzluk: yapısal boyutlar ve uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 42(1), 105-137.
  • Council of Europe. (1997). Resolution 97(24) on the twenty guiding principles for the fight against corruption. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/Display DCTMContent?documentId=09000016806cc17c
  • Disch, A. et al. (2009). Anti-corruption approaches: A literature review. Retrieved from https://cdn.sida.se/publications/files/sida61321en-anti-corruption-approaches-a-literature-review.pdf
  • European Commission. (2003). Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee on a comprehensive EU policy against corruption. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52003DC0317&from=EN
  • European Commission. (2012). The Stockholm programme:- An open and secure Europe serving and protecting the citizens. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/stockholm-programme-open-and-secure-europe-serving-and-protecting-citizens-0_en
  • European Commission. [1998a-2021a]. Regular progress report on Türkiye/Türkiye progress report/Türkiye report. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/strategy-and-reports_en
  • European Commission. [1998b-2021b]. Enlargement strategy papers. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/strategy-and-reports_en
  • European Commission. (2023a).Türkiye 2023 report. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement. ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_696%20T%C3%BCrkiye%20report.pdf
  • European Commission. (2023b). Corruption. Retrieved from https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/internal-security/corruption_en
  • European Commission. (2023c). Accession criteria. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/glossary/accession-criteria_en
  • European Commission. (2023d). Chapters of the acquis. Retrieved from https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/conditions-membership/chapters-acquis_en
  • European Parliament. (2004). European Parliament resolution on the 2003 regular report of the Commission on Turkey’s progress towards accession. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-5-2004-0204_EN.html
  • European Parliament. (2006). Motion for a European Parliament resolution on Turkey’s progress towards accession (2006/2118(INI)). Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-6-2006-0269_EN.html
  • FATF. (2019). Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures: Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/mer4/Mutual-Evaluation-Report-Turkey-2019.pdf
  • Galtung, F. (2001). The political economy of corruption control. Retrieved from https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/860-corruption-critical-assessments-of-contemporary.pdf
  • Heinrich, F. and Hodess, R. (2011). Measuring corruption. In A. Graycar and R. G. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of global research and practice in corruption (pp. 18–33). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Jain, A. K. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71-121.
  • Kaliber, A. and Kaliber, E. (2019). From de-Europeanisation to anti-Western populism: Turkish foreign policy in flux. The International Spectator, 54(4), 1-16.
  • Karakaş, M. and Çak, M. (2007). Yolsuzlukla mücadelede uluslararası kuruluşların rolü. Maliye Dergisi, 153, 74-101.
  • Kıvanç, Ü. (2015). Pan-İslamcının macera kılavuzu. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
  • Kimya, F. (2019). Political economy of corruption in Turkey: Declining petty corruption, rise of cronyism? Turkish Studies, 20(3), 351-376.
  • Kmezić, M. (2019). EU rule of law conditionality: Democracy or ‘stabilitocracy’ promotion in the western Balkans?. In J. Džankić, S. Keil and M. Kmezić (Eds.), The Europeanisation of the western Balkans. New perspectives on south-east Europe. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Martin-Russe, L. (2022). Introduction: The European paradox of expecting corrupt political elites to lead the fight against corruption. In L. M. Russe (Ed.), Deforming the reform (pp. 1-17). Frankfurt: Springer.
  • MFA. (Turkey), (2009). National programme of Turkey for the adoption of the EU acquis – 2001. Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/_42260_en.html
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2012). National programme of Turkey for the adoption of the EU acquis – 2008. Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/_42260_en.html
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2019). Turkey’s programme for alignment with the acquis (2007-2013). Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/turkeys-programme-for-alignment-with-the-acquis-2007-2013-_6_en.html
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2020). Press release regarding the 2020 country report on Turkey by the European Commission. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-236_-avrupa-komisyonu-2020-turkiye-raporu-hk.en.mfa
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2021a). National action plan for EU accession: January 2016 - December 2019. Retrieved From https://www.ab.gov.tr/50083_en.html
  • MFA. (Turkey). (2021b). Turkey’s national action plan for the EU accession: January 2021- December 2023. Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/birimler/kpb/uep/21_23_UEP_EN.pdf
  • Mousseau, D. Y. (2012). Is Turkey democratizing with EU reforms?: An assessment of human rights, corruption and socio-economic conditions. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 12(1), 63-80.
  • Moran, J. (2002). Anti-corruption reforms in the police: Current strategies and issues. The Police Journal, 75(2), 137-159.
  • Nye, J. S. (1967). Corruption and political development: A cost-benefit analysis. The American Political Science Review, 61(2), 417-427.
  • O’Leary, Z. (2014). The essential guide to doing your research project. Thousand Oaks-CA: Sage Publications.
  • OECD. (2021). Turkey should urgently implement key reforms to boost fight against foreign bribery, including to preserve independence of investigations and prosecutions. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/turkey-should-urgently-implement-key-reforms-to-boost-fight-against-foreign-bribery-including-to-preserve-independence-of-investigations-and- prosecutions.htm
  • OHCHR. (2022). About good governance. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/good- governance/about-good-governance
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2001). Council decision of 8 March 2001 on the principles, priorities, intermediate objectives and conditions contained in the accession partnership with the Republic of Turkey.
  • Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/? uri=CELEX:32001D0235&qid=1650272634730&from=EN
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2003). Council decision of 19 May 2003 on the principles, priorities, intermediate objectives and conditions contained in the accession partnership with Turkey. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003D0398&from=EN
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2006). Council decision of 23 January 2006 on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the accession partnership with Turkey. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006D0035&from=EN
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2008). Council decision of 18 February 2008 on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the accession partnership with the Republic of Turkey and repealing decision 2006/35/EC. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008D0157
  • Official Journal of the European Union. (2012). Consolidated version of the treaty on the functioning of the European Union. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2bf140bf-a3f8-4ab2-b506-fd71826e6da6.0023.02/DOC_2&format=PDF
  • Onbaşı, N. (2020). The role of populist strategies in differing outcomes of corruption scandals in Brazil and Turkey. Turkish Studies, 21(2), 188-207.
  • Ömürgönülşen, U. and Doig, A. (2012). Why the gap? Turkey, EU accession, corruption and culture. Turkish Studies, 13(1), 7-25.
  • Öniş, Z. and Yılmaz, Ş. (2009). Between Europeanization and Euro-asianism: Foreign policy activism in Turkey during the AKP era. Turkish Studies, 10(1), 7-24.
  • Saurugger, S. and Radaelli, C. M. (2008). The Europeanization of public policies: Introduction. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 10(3), 213-219.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. and Scholtz, H. (2008). EU democracy promotion in the European neighbourhood political conditionality, economic development and transnational exchange. European Union Politics, 9(2), 187-215.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. and Sedelmeier, U. (2004). Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of central and eastern Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), 661-679.
  • Schwarz, O. (2021). Progress report monitor. Retrieved from https://www.uni-due.de/politik/ progmonitor.php Sequeira, S. (2012). Advances in measuring corruption in the field. In D. Serra and L. Wantchekon (Eds.), New advances in experimental research on corruption (pp. 145-175). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Soyaltın, D. (2017). Public sector reforms to fight corruption in Turkey: A case of failed Europeanization? Turkish Studies, 18(3), 439-458.
  • Soyaltin-Colella, D. (2020). Uluslararası ve bölgesel yolsuzlukla mücadele rejimlerinde yaptırım ve sosyal baskı: Karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(1), 61-77.
  • Stessens, G. (2001). The international fight against corruption. Revue Internationale de Droit Pénal, 4(72), 891-937. The World Bank. (2017). Country partnership framework for the Republic of Turkey for the period Fy18-Fy21. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/585411504231252220/pdf/Turkey-CPF-08072017.pdf
  • The World Bank. (2023). The worldwide governance indicators - control of corruption. Retrieved from http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
  • Transparency International. (2009). Integrity pacts. Retrieved from http://archive.transparency.org/layout/set/print/global_priorities/public_ contracting/integrity_pacts.
  • Transparency International. (2020). Examining state capture: Undue influence on law-making and the judiciary in the western Balkans and Turkey. Retrieved from https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2020_Report_ExaminingStateCapture_English.pdf
  • Transparency International. (2022). 25 corruption scandals that shook the world. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/news/25-corruption-scandals
  • Transparency International. (2023). Corruption perceptions index: Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/tur
  • UNODC. (2004). United Nations convention against corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-50026_E.pdf
  • UNODC. (2016). Review of implementation of the United Nations convention against corruption: Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/WorkingGroups/ImplementationReviewGroup/ExecutiveSummaries/V1601608e.pdf
  • UNODC. (2022). Effects of corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/anti- corruption/module-1/key-issues/effects-of-corruption.html
  • UNODC. (2022b). Theories that explain corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/anti- corruption/module-4/key-issues/theories-that-explain-corruption.html Commission
  • Yılmaz, G. and Soyaltın, D. (2014). Zooming into the ‘domestic’ in Europeanization: Promotion of fight against corruption and minority rights in Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(1), 11-29.
  • Yılmaz, G. (2016). From Europeanization to de-Europeanization: The Europeanization process of Turkey in 1999–2014. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24(1), 86-100.
There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects European and Region Studies
Journal Section Araştırma
Authors

Önder Canveren 0000-0002-5352-7573

Project Number Research Grants: Short-Term Grants - 2022 (57588366)
Early Pub Date January 11, 2024
Publication Date December 5, 2023
Submission Date July 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 112

Cite

APA Canveren, Ö. (2023). The Fight against Corruption in Turkey - European Union Relations. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi(112), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1329408