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Does Economic Prosperity Create Freedoms or Does Freedoms Create Economic Prosperity? A Comparative Analysis (2005-2025)

Year 2025, Issue: 119, 49 - 68, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1639750

Abstract

This study analyses in depth the multifaceted and complex relationship between economic prosperity and freedoms. The article analyses the impact of economic development on democracy and freedoms and elaborates on how this interaction has been shaped in different geographies and periods through historical processes. The study emphasises that economic freedoms increase the living standards of individuals and encourage their political participation, while political freedoms support economic growth through the principles of rule of law, transparency and accountability. Examples such as economic growth strengthening democratisation after the Industrial Revolution in Europe and economic development preceding political freedoms in East Asian countries such as South Korea and Taiwan reveal the multidimensional nature of this relationship. In Turkey, on the other hand, the fragile link between economic development and democratisation has failed to ensure continuity. The study draws attention to the need to strengthen democratic institutions and support economic freedoms with institutional structures, and offers recommendations for long-term and sustainable development. Through institutional reforms, education programmes, social policies and international cooperation, a structure in which economic and political freedoms work in harmony is proposed.

References

  • Abdellaoui, H. (2022). Economic freedom, human capital and economic growth in the Maghreb countries. Revue Européenne Du Droit Social, 58(1), 132-147. https://doi.org/10.53373/reds.2023.58.1.0106
  • Acaravcı, A., Erdoğan, S., & Küçükkalay, A. (2018). Türkiye’de ekonomik özgürlükler, yabancı doğrudan yatırımlar ve yurtiçi yatırım harcamaları ilişkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.391168
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. Crown Business.
  • Adam, A., Delis, M., & Kammas, P. (2011). Are democratic governments more efficient? European Journal of Political Economy, 27(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.04.004
  • Aisen, A., & Veiga, F. (2006). Does political instability lead to higher inflation? A panel data analysis. Journal of Money Credit and Banking, 38(5), 1379-1389. https://doi.org/10.1353/mcb.2006.0064
  • Agnello, L., Castro, V., Jalles, J., & Sousa, R. (2016). Income inequality, fiscal stimuli and political (in)stability. International Tax and Public Finance, 24(3), 484-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-016-9428-x.
  • Ata, A. Y., & Tuğlu Dur, D. (2024). Ekonomik özgürlükler ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi üzerine bir literatür taraması. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi(114), 45-74. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1425355
  • Aytekin, G., & Tertemiz, N. (2018). An analysis of the PISA results (2003-2015) in terms of educational systems and economical indicators: Cases of South Korea and Turkey. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(19), 129-153. https://doi.org/10.29299/kefad.2018.19.004
  • Bardakçı, H , Erdogdu, A & Barut, A . (2020). Relationship between Logistics Performance, Economic Growth and Financial Development in G-7 and E-7 Countries. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi , 9 (5) , 4154-4166 . Retrieved from http://www.itobiad.com/tr/pub/issue/57287/799017
  • Barut, A., Torusdağ, M., & Bardakçı, H. (2020). Finansal gelişme ekonomik büyüme ve vergi gelirleri ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 43(387), 94-103.
  • Baier, S., Clance, M., & Dwyer, G. (2012). Banking crises and economic freedom. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2117883
  • Bauhr, M., & Charron, N. (2017). Insider or outsider? Grand corruption and electoral accountability. Comparative Political Studies, 51(4), 415-446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710258
  • Belle, S., & Mayhew, S. (2016). What can we learn on public accountability from non-health disciplines: A meta-narrative review. BMJ Open, 6(7), e010425. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010425
  • BenYishay, A., & Betancourt, R. (2010). Civil liberties and economic development. Journal of Institutional Economics, 6(3), 281-304. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744137410000081
  • Çetin, İ. (2021). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kurumlar ve ekonomik performans arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 1014-1022. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.863945
  • Ela, M., & Yurtkuran, S. (2020). Türkiye’de makroekonomik faktörler ve kurumlar vergisinin doğrudan yabancı yatırıma etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(Ek), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.730391
  • Fabro, G., & Aixalá, J. (2012). Direct and indirect effects of economic and political freedom on economic growth. Journal of Economic Issues, 46(4), 1059-1080. https://doi.org/10.2753/jei0021-3624460411
  • Fraundorfer, M. (2015). Experiments in global democracy: The cases of UNITAID and the FAO Committee on World Food Security. Global Constitutionalism, 4(3), 328-364. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045381715000088
  • Freedom House. (2025). Freedom in the World Report. Erişim: 20,05.2025, [https://freedomhouse.org](https://freedomhouse.org)
  • Gourevitch, A. (2014). Liberty and its economies. Politics Philosophy & Economics, 14(4), 365-390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594x14564507
  • Guasti, P. (2020). Populism in power and democracy: Democratic decay and resilience in the Czech Republic (2013–2020). Politics and Governance, 8(4), 473-484. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i4.3420
  • Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., & Hall, J. (2022). Economic freedom of the world: 2022 annual report. https://doi.org/10.53095/88975001
  • Heckelman, J. (2000). Economic freedom and economic growth: A short-run causal investigation. Journal of Applied Economics, 3(1), 71-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2000.12040546
  • Heritage Foundation. (2025). Index of Economic Freedom. Erişim: 20.05.2025, (https://heritage.org/index)
  • Kanbir, Ö. (2023). Ekonomik Gelişme ve Ekoloji. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi (109), 79-103. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1216629
  • Kašťáková, E., & Chlebcová, A. (2020). Analysis of the Western Balkans territories using the Index of Economic Freedom. Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia, 13(46), 320-329. https://doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2020-0013
  • Kodila-Tedika, O., & Khalifa, S. (2023). Official visits and economic freedom. Journal of Economic Integration, 38(2), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2023.38.2.219
  • Keskin, A. (2024). Tü rkiye’de Kamu Sosyal Harcamalarının Gelir Dağılımına Bölgesel Etkileri: 2006-2021 Dönemi GİR Modeli Analizi. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi (116), 159-180. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1555694
  • Mete, E. (2022). The relationship between tourism and economic growth in the scope of economic freedom and freedom of investment. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (Ahtr), 10(2), 232-250. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.930826
  • Moen, L. (2023). Freedom and its unavoidable trade-off. Analytic Philosophy, 65(1), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/phib.12301
  • North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.
  • Önder, F. (2023). Empirical analysis of the relationship between democracy and economic growth in Turkey. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 22(Cumhuriyet’in 100. Yılı), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1357612
  • Rabinovych, M. (2020). Where economic development meets the rule of law? Promoting sustainable development goals through the European Neighborhood Policy. Brill Open Law, 2(1), 140-174. https://doi.org/10.1163/23527072-20191017
  • Rode, M., Knoll, B., & Pitlik, H. (2013). Ekonomik Özgürlük, Demokrasi ve Hayat Memnuniyeti. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi (72), 85-108.
  • Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.
  • Szczepaniak, M. (2020). Redistribution and the alleviation of income inequalities: The case of the European Union. Ekonomia I Prawo, 19(1), 149. https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2020.011
  • Tang, Z. (2024). Social wellbeing inequality and solutions. Highlights in Business Economics and Management, 24, 1917-1922. https://doi.org/10.54097/6mdf0y90
  • Taylor, J. B., & Çetin, Ü. (2013). Ekonomik İyileşmeye Giden Yol. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi (72), 25-31.
  • Weyland, K. (2020). Populism’s threat to democracy: Comparative lessons for the United States. Perspectives on Politics, 18(2), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719003955
  • Yayla, A. (2000). Liberal bakışlar: Totaliterizm, adalet, sosyalizm, bilgi çağı, insan hakları, liberalizm, demokrasi. Liberte Yayınları.
  • İnternet kaynakları Heritage Foundation. (2024). 2024 Index of Economic Freedom. Erişim: https://www.heritage.org/index/
  • Trading Economics. (2024). Turkey GDP per Capita (PPP). Erişim: https://tr.tradingeconomics.com/
  • Freedom House. (2024). Freedom in the World 2024. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/
  • TÜİK. (2024). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Reporters Without Borders (RSF). (2024). World Press Freedom Index. Erişim: https://rsf.org/en

Ekonomik Refah mı Özgürlükleri yaratır, Yoksa Özgürlükler mi Ekonomik Refahı yaratır? Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz (2005–2025)

Year 2025, Issue: 119, 49 - 68, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1639750

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ekonomik refah ile özgürlükler arasındaki çok yönlü ve karmaşık ilişkiyi derinlemesine incelemektedir. Ekonomik kalkınmanın demokrasi ve özgürlükler üzerindeki etkisini ele alan makale, tarihsel süreçlerden hareketle bu etkileşimin farklı coğrafyalarda ve dönemlerde nasıl şekillendiğini detaylandırmaktadır. Çalışmada, ekonomik özgürlüklerin bireylerin yaşam standartlarını artırarak onların siyasi katılımını teşvik ettiği; siyasi özgürlüklerin ise hukukun üstünlüğü, şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik ilkeleri aracılığıyla ekonomik büyümeyi desteklediği vurgulanmaktadır. Avrupa’da Sanayi Devrimi’nin ardından ekonomik büyümenin demokratikleşmeyi güçlendirmesi, Güney Kore ve Tayvan gibi Doğu Asya ülkelerinde ekonomik kalkınmanın siyasi özgürlüklerden önce gelmesi gibi örnekler, bu ilişkinin çok boyutlu yapısını ortaya koymaktadır. Türkiye’de ise ekonomik kalkınma ve demokratikleşme arasındaki kırılgan bağın sürekliliği sağlamada eksik kaldığı ifade edilmiştir. Çalışma, demokratik kurumların güçlendirilmesi ve ekonomik özgürlüklerin kurumsal yapılarla desteklenmesi gerektiğine dikkat çekerken, uzun vadeli ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma için öneriler sunmaktadır. Kurumsal reformlar, eğitim programları, sosyal politikalar ve uluslararası işbirlikleri aracılığıyla, ekonomik ve siyasi özgürlüklerin uyum içinde çalıştığı bir yapı önerilmektedir.

Ethical Statement

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Supporting Institution

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Thanks

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References

  • Abdellaoui, H. (2022). Economic freedom, human capital and economic growth in the Maghreb countries. Revue Européenne Du Droit Social, 58(1), 132-147. https://doi.org/10.53373/reds.2023.58.1.0106
  • Acaravcı, A., Erdoğan, S., & Küçükkalay, A. (2018). Türkiye’de ekonomik özgürlükler, yabancı doğrudan yatırımlar ve yurtiçi yatırım harcamaları ilişkisi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.391168
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. Crown Business.
  • Adam, A., Delis, M., & Kammas, P. (2011). Are democratic governments more efficient? European Journal of Political Economy, 27(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.04.004
  • Aisen, A., & Veiga, F. (2006). Does political instability lead to higher inflation? A panel data analysis. Journal of Money Credit and Banking, 38(5), 1379-1389. https://doi.org/10.1353/mcb.2006.0064
  • Agnello, L., Castro, V., Jalles, J., & Sousa, R. (2016). Income inequality, fiscal stimuli and political (in)stability. International Tax and Public Finance, 24(3), 484-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-016-9428-x.
  • Ata, A. Y., & Tuğlu Dur, D. (2024). Ekonomik özgürlükler ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi üzerine bir literatür taraması. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi(114), 45-74. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1425355
  • Aytekin, G., & Tertemiz, N. (2018). An analysis of the PISA results (2003-2015) in terms of educational systems and economical indicators: Cases of South Korea and Turkey. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(19), 129-153. https://doi.org/10.29299/kefad.2018.19.004
  • Bardakçı, H , Erdogdu, A & Barut, A . (2020). Relationship between Logistics Performance, Economic Growth and Financial Development in G-7 and E-7 Countries. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi , 9 (5) , 4154-4166 . Retrieved from http://www.itobiad.com/tr/pub/issue/57287/799017
  • Barut, A., Torusdağ, M., & Bardakçı, H. (2020). Finansal gelişme ekonomik büyüme ve vergi gelirleri ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 43(387), 94-103.
  • Baier, S., Clance, M., & Dwyer, G. (2012). Banking crises and economic freedom. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2117883
  • Bauhr, M., & Charron, N. (2017). Insider or outsider? Grand corruption and electoral accountability. Comparative Political Studies, 51(4), 415-446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710258
  • Belle, S., & Mayhew, S. (2016). What can we learn on public accountability from non-health disciplines: A meta-narrative review. BMJ Open, 6(7), e010425. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010425
  • BenYishay, A., & Betancourt, R. (2010). Civil liberties and economic development. Journal of Institutional Economics, 6(3), 281-304. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744137410000081
  • Çetin, İ. (2021). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kurumlar ve ekonomik performans arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 1014-1022. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.863945
  • Ela, M., & Yurtkuran, S. (2020). Türkiye’de makroekonomik faktörler ve kurumlar vergisinin doğrudan yabancı yatırıma etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(Ek), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.730391
  • Fabro, G., & Aixalá, J. (2012). Direct and indirect effects of economic and political freedom on economic growth. Journal of Economic Issues, 46(4), 1059-1080. https://doi.org/10.2753/jei0021-3624460411
  • Fraundorfer, M. (2015). Experiments in global democracy: The cases of UNITAID and the FAO Committee on World Food Security. Global Constitutionalism, 4(3), 328-364. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045381715000088
  • Freedom House. (2025). Freedom in the World Report. Erişim: 20,05.2025, [https://freedomhouse.org](https://freedomhouse.org)
  • Gourevitch, A. (2014). Liberty and its economies. Politics Philosophy & Economics, 14(4), 365-390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594x14564507
  • Guasti, P. (2020). Populism in power and democracy: Democratic decay and resilience in the Czech Republic (2013–2020). Politics and Governance, 8(4), 473-484. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i4.3420
  • Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., & Hall, J. (2022). Economic freedom of the world: 2022 annual report. https://doi.org/10.53095/88975001
  • Heckelman, J. (2000). Economic freedom and economic growth: A short-run causal investigation. Journal of Applied Economics, 3(1), 71-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2000.12040546
  • Heritage Foundation. (2025). Index of Economic Freedom. Erişim: 20.05.2025, (https://heritage.org/index)
  • Kanbir, Ö. (2023). Ekonomik Gelişme ve Ekoloji. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi (109), 79-103. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1216629
  • Kašťáková, E., & Chlebcová, A. (2020). Analysis of the Western Balkans territories using the Index of Economic Freedom. Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia, 13(46), 320-329. https://doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2020-0013
  • Kodila-Tedika, O., & Khalifa, S. (2023). Official visits and economic freedom. Journal of Economic Integration, 38(2), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2023.38.2.219
  • Keskin, A. (2024). Tü rkiye’de Kamu Sosyal Harcamalarının Gelir Dağılımına Bölgesel Etkileri: 2006-2021 Dönemi GİR Modeli Analizi. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi (116), 159-180. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1555694
  • Mete, E. (2022). The relationship between tourism and economic growth in the scope of economic freedom and freedom of investment. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (Ahtr), 10(2), 232-250. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.930826
  • Moen, L. (2023). Freedom and its unavoidable trade-off. Analytic Philosophy, 65(1), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/phib.12301
  • North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.
  • Önder, F. (2023). Empirical analysis of the relationship between democracy and economic growth in Turkey. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 22(Cumhuriyet’in 100. Yılı), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1357612
  • Rabinovych, M. (2020). Where economic development meets the rule of law? Promoting sustainable development goals through the European Neighborhood Policy. Brill Open Law, 2(1), 140-174. https://doi.org/10.1163/23527072-20191017
  • Rode, M., Knoll, B., & Pitlik, H. (2013). Ekonomik Özgürlük, Demokrasi ve Hayat Memnuniyeti. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi (72), 85-108.
  • Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.
  • Szczepaniak, M. (2020). Redistribution and the alleviation of income inequalities: The case of the European Union. Ekonomia I Prawo, 19(1), 149. https://doi.org/10.12775/eip.2020.011
  • Tang, Z. (2024). Social wellbeing inequality and solutions. Highlights in Business Economics and Management, 24, 1917-1922. https://doi.org/10.54097/6mdf0y90
  • Taylor, J. B., & Çetin, Ü. (2013). Ekonomik İyileşmeye Giden Yol. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi (72), 25-31.
  • Weyland, K. (2020). Populism’s threat to democracy: Comparative lessons for the United States. Perspectives on Politics, 18(2), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719003955
  • Yayla, A. (2000). Liberal bakışlar: Totaliterizm, adalet, sosyalizm, bilgi çağı, insan hakları, liberalizm, demokrasi. Liberte Yayınları.
  • İnternet kaynakları Heritage Foundation. (2024). 2024 Index of Economic Freedom. Erişim: https://www.heritage.org/index/
  • Trading Economics. (2024). Turkey GDP per Capita (PPP). Erişim: https://tr.tradingeconomics.com/
  • Freedom House. (2024). Freedom in the World 2024. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/
  • TÜİK. (2024). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Reporters Without Borders (RSF). (2024). World Press Freedom Index. Erişim: https://rsf.org/en
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economic Theory (Other), Economic Thought
Journal Section Araştırma
Authors

Hasan Bardakçı 0000-0002-6181-3115

Early Pub Date October 2, 2025
Publication Date September 25, 2025
Submission Date February 14, 2025
Acceptance Date August 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 119

Cite

APA Bardakçı, H. (2025). Ekonomik Refah mı Özgürlükleri yaratır, Yoksa Özgürlükler mi Ekonomik Refahı yaratır? Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz (2005–2025). Liberal Düşünce Dergisi(119), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1639750