Research Article
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The impact of an explicit grammar knowledge course on the development of grammatical awareness in UK native speakers’ pre-service TESOL education

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 31 - 51, 22.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.1070305

Abstract

This paper contributes to conversations which examine the effectiveness of grammar knowledge courses in native speaker (NS) UK pre-service TESOL education. A three-year longitudinal study was undertaken at a UK university. It explored 10 UK NS participants’ ability to demonstrate grammatical awareness during their TESOL practicum after studying a 48-contact hour explicit grammar knowledge course before procedural TESOL education began. Quantitative and qualitative, deductive, and inductive thematic coding were undertaken using the participants’ reflective teaching summaries and interview transcripts to identify examples of established grammar awareness themes. Findings indicated that the participants considered the process of gaining grammar knowledge challenging but essential for TESOL. Grammatical awareness was demonstrated through metalinguistic knowledge, metalanguage, noticing and language teaching beliefs during the practicum.

Supporting Institution

University of South Wales

References

  • Adamson. (1907). The practice of instruction: a manual of method general and special. National Society's Depository.
  • Alderson, J. C., Clapham, C., & Steel, D. (1997). Metalinguistic knowledge, language aptitude and language proficiency. Language Teaching Research, 1(2), 93-121.
  • Alderson, J. C., & Hudson, R. (2013). The metalinguistic knowledge of undergraduate students of English language or linguistics. Language Awareness, 22(4), 320-337.
  • Andrews. (2003). ‘Just like instant noodles’: L2 teachers and their beliefs about grammar pedagogy. Teachers and Teaching, 9(4), 351-375.
  • Andrews. (2012 ). Teacher Language Awareness. Cambridge University Press.
  • Andrews, S. (1994). The grammatical knowledge/awareness of native-speaker EFL teachers: What the trainers say. In M. Bygate (ed.), Grammar and the language teacher, (pp. 508-520). Pentice Hall.
  • Andrews, S. (1999). Why do L2 teachers need to 'know about language'? Teacher metalinguistic awareness and input for learning. Language and Education, 13(3), 161-177.
  • Author. (2016). Perceived and actual knowledge about grammar upon commencing pre-service TESOL education. ELT Research Journal, 5(4), 261-277.
  • British Educational Research Association. (2011). Ethical guidelines for educational research. Available at https://www.bera.ac.uk/publication/ethical-guidelines-for-educational-research-2011
  • Bartels, N. (2002). Professional preparation and action research: Only for language teachers? TESOL Quarterly, 36(1), 71-79.
  • Bell, H. (2016). Teacher knowledge and beliefs about grammar: A case study of an English primary school. English in Education, 50(2), 148-163.
  • Bialystok, E. (1988). Levels of bilingualism and levels of linguistic awareness. Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 560.
  • Bigelow, M. H., & Ranney, S. E. (2006). Pre-service ESL teachers' knowledge about language and its transfer to lesson planning. In N. Bartels (ed.), Applied Linguistics and Language Teacher Education, (pp. 179-200). Springer
  • Bloor, T. (1986). What do Language students know about grammar? British Journal of Language Teaching, 24(3), 157-160.
  • Bolitho, R., & Tomlinson, B. (1995). Discover English: Language awareness for teachers. Macmillan.
  • Borg, S. (2003). Teacher cognition in grammar teaching: A literature review. Language Awareness, 12(2), 96-108.
  • Borg, S. (2006). Teacher cognition and language education: Research and practice. Continuum.
  • Borg, S. (2011). The impact of in-service teacher education on language teachers’ beliefs. System, 39(3), 370-380.
  • Borg, S., & Burns, A. (2008). Integrating grammar in adult TESOL classrooms. Applied Linguistics, 29(3), 456-482.
  • Brandt, C. (2006). Allowing for practice: A critical issue in TESOL teacher preparation. ELT Journal, 60(4), 355-364.
  • Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
  • Chandler, P., Robinson, W. P., & Noyes, P. (1988). The level of linguistic knowledge and awareness amongst students training to be primary teachers. Language and Education, 2(3), 161-173.
  • Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. Mouton.
  • Cook, V. (2008). Second language learning and language teaching. Hodder.
  • Copland, F., Mann, S., & Garton, S. (2020). Native‐English‐speaking teachers: disconnections between theory, research, and practice. TESOL Quarterly, 54(2), 348-374.
  • Council of Europe. Council for Cultural Co-operation. Education Committee. Modern Languages Division. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge University Press.
  • Crystal, D. (2007). How language works. Penguin
  • Crystal, D. (2018). The language revolution. John Wiley & Sons.
  • DfEE (1999). The National Curriculum for England:English. London, Department for Education and Employment and the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority
  • DfEE (2014). The National Curriculum framework document. London, Department for Education and Employment and the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority
  • Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford University Press.
  • Duff, T. (1988). Explorations in teacher training: problems and issues. Longman.
  • Ellis, R. (2004). The definition and measurement of L2 explicit knowledge. Language Learning, 54(2), 227-275.
  • Ellis, R. (2005). Measuring implicit and explicit knowledge of a second language: A psychometric study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(2), 141-172.
  • Ferguson, G., & Donno, S. (2003). One‐month teacher training courses: time for a change? ELT Journal, 57(1), 26-33.
  • Gnutzmann, C. (1999). English as a global language: Perspectives for English language teaching and for teacher education in Germany. In C. Gnutzmann (ed.), Teaching and Learning English as a Global Language: Native and non-native perspectives, (pp. 157-169). Stauffenburg.
  • Graus, J., & Coppen, P. A. (2016). Student teacher beliefs on grammar instruction. Language Teaching Research, 20(5), 571-599.
  • Gregg, K. R. (1989). Second language acquisition theory: The case for a generative perspective. In S. M. Gass & J. Schachter (eds.), Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition, (pp. 15-40). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hanks, J. (2017 ). Exploratory practice in language teaching: Puzzling about principles and practices. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Harper, H., & Rennie, J. (2009). 'I had to go out and get myself a book on grammar': a study of pre-service teachers' knowledge about language. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy 32(1), 22-33.
  • Hislam, J., & Cajkler, W. (2005). Teacher trainees’ explicit knowledge of grammar and primary curriculum requirements in England. In N. Bartels (ed.), Applied linguistics and language teacher education, (pp. 295-312). Springer.
  • Hobbs, V. (2013). ‘A basic starter pack’: the TESOL Certificate as a course in survival. ELT Journal 67, 163-174.
  • Hudson. (2016). Grammar instruction. In C. MacArthur, S. Graham, and J. Fitzgerald (eds), Handbook of writing research, (pp. 288-300). Guilford Press
  • Hudson, R., & Walmsley, J. (2005). The English patient: English grammar and teaching in the twentieth century. Journal of Linguistics, 41(3), 593-622.
  • Isbell, D. R., & Rogers, J. (2020). Measuring implicit and explicit learning and knowledge. In D. R. Isbell & J. Rogers (eds.), The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and language testing, (pp. 305-315). Routledge.
  • Jean, G., & Simard, D. (2011). Grammar learning in English and French L2: Students’ and teachers’ beliefs and perceptions. Foreign Language Annals, 44(4), 465-492.
  • Johnson, J., & Poulter, M. (2015). Teachers’ language competence: Issues of appropriation and appropriacy. Assessing Language Teachers' Professional Skills and Knowledge, 42, 179-198.
  • Johnson, K. E., & Golombek, P. R. (2016). Mindful L2 teacher education: A sociocultural perspective on cultivating teachers' professional development. Routledge.
  • Kagan, D. M. (1992). Implication of research on teacher belief. Educational Psychologist, 27(1), 65-90.
  • Kanowski, S. (2004). Helter CELTA: Do short courses equal 'best practice' in teacher training? TESOL in Context, 13(2), 21-27.
  • Larsen-Freeman, D. (2015). Research into practice: Grammar learning and teaching. Language Teaching, 48(2), 263-280.
  • Malderez, A., & Wedell, M. (2007). Teaching teachers: Processes and practices. A & C Black.
  • Myhill, D., Jones, S., & Watson, A. (2013). Grammar matters: How teachers' grammatical knowledge impacts on the teaching of writing. Teaching and Teacher Education, 36, 77-91.
  • Myles, F., & Mitchell, R. (2014). Second language learning theories. Routledge.
  • O.U. (2014). English in the world today. Retrieved from http://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/english-language/english-the-world-today/content-section-4
  • Powell, K. C., & Kalina, C. J. (2009). Cognitive and social constructivism: Developing tools for an effective classroom. Education, 130(2), 241-251.
  • Rampton, M. B. H. (1990). Displacing the ‘native speaker’: expertise, affiliation, and inheritance. ELT Journal, 44(2), 97-101.
  • Senior, R. (2006). The experience of language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Soars, J., & Soars, L. (2006). New Headway Plus: Intermediate. Oxford University Press.
  • Sowton, C. (2012). 50 steps to improving your academic writing: study book. Garnet Pub.
  • Stern, H. H. (1983). Fundamental concepts of language teaching: Historical and interdisciplinary perspectives on applied Linguistic research. Oxford University Press.
  • Svalberg, A. M. L. (2015). Understanding the complex processes in developing student teachers’ knowledge about grammar. The Modern Language Journal, 99(3), 529-545.
  • Sweet. (1892). A new English grammar logical and historical (2 vol.). Claredon Press.
  • Thornbury. (1997). Grammar, power and bottled water. IATEFL Newsletter, 140, 15-16.
  • Thornbury, S. (2018). Learning grammar. In a. Burns, & J. C. Richards (eds.), The Cambridge guide to learning English as a second language, (pp. 183-192). Cambridge University Press
  • Train, R. W. (1993). The (non) native standard language in foreign language, Language Learning, 43, (2), 159-168.
  • Trudgill, P., & Hannah, J. (2013). International English: A guide to the varieties of standard English. Routledge.
  • Tsui, A. (2003). Understanding expertise in teaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Webb, R. (2016). Perceived and actual knowledge about grammar upon commencing pre-service TESOL education. ELT Research Journal, 5(4), 261-277.
  • Williamson, J., & Hardman, F. (1995). Time for refilling the bath?: A study of primary student‐teachers’ grammatical knowledge. Language and Education, 9(2), 117-134.
  • Wiltshier, F. (2011). Researching with NVivo 8. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12, 23-26.
  • Wray, D. (2002). Student-teachers’ knowledge and beliefs about language. In N. Bennett, & C. Carré (eds.), Learning to teach, (pp. 65-86). Routledge.
  • Wright, T. (2002). Doing language awareness. Language in language teacher education 4, 113-130.
  • Wright, T., & Bolitho, R. (1993). Language awareness: A missing link in language teacher education? ELT Journal, 47(4), 292-304.
Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 31 - 51, 22.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.1070305

Abstract

References

  • Adamson. (1907). The practice of instruction: a manual of method general and special. National Society's Depository.
  • Alderson, J. C., Clapham, C., & Steel, D. (1997). Metalinguistic knowledge, language aptitude and language proficiency. Language Teaching Research, 1(2), 93-121.
  • Alderson, J. C., & Hudson, R. (2013). The metalinguistic knowledge of undergraduate students of English language or linguistics. Language Awareness, 22(4), 320-337.
  • Andrews. (2003). ‘Just like instant noodles’: L2 teachers and their beliefs about grammar pedagogy. Teachers and Teaching, 9(4), 351-375.
  • Andrews. (2012 ). Teacher Language Awareness. Cambridge University Press.
  • Andrews, S. (1994). The grammatical knowledge/awareness of native-speaker EFL teachers: What the trainers say. In M. Bygate (ed.), Grammar and the language teacher, (pp. 508-520). Pentice Hall.
  • Andrews, S. (1999). Why do L2 teachers need to 'know about language'? Teacher metalinguistic awareness and input for learning. Language and Education, 13(3), 161-177.
  • Author. (2016). Perceived and actual knowledge about grammar upon commencing pre-service TESOL education. ELT Research Journal, 5(4), 261-277.
  • British Educational Research Association. (2011). Ethical guidelines for educational research. Available at https://www.bera.ac.uk/publication/ethical-guidelines-for-educational-research-2011
  • Bartels, N. (2002). Professional preparation and action research: Only for language teachers? TESOL Quarterly, 36(1), 71-79.
  • Bell, H. (2016). Teacher knowledge and beliefs about grammar: A case study of an English primary school. English in Education, 50(2), 148-163.
  • Bialystok, E. (1988). Levels of bilingualism and levels of linguistic awareness. Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 560.
  • Bigelow, M. H., & Ranney, S. E. (2006). Pre-service ESL teachers' knowledge about language and its transfer to lesson planning. In N. Bartels (ed.), Applied Linguistics and Language Teacher Education, (pp. 179-200). Springer
  • Bloor, T. (1986). What do Language students know about grammar? British Journal of Language Teaching, 24(3), 157-160.
  • Bolitho, R., & Tomlinson, B. (1995). Discover English: Language awareness for teachers. Macmillan.
  • Borg, S. (2003). Teacher cognition in grammar teaching: A literature review. Language Awareness, 12(2), 96-108.
  • Borg, S. (2006). Teacher cognition and language education: Research and practice. Continuum.
  • Borg, S. (2011). The impact of in-service teacher education on language teachers’ beliefs. System, 39(3), 370-380.
  • Borg, S., & Burns, A. (2008). Integrating grammar in adult TESOL classrooms. Applied Linguistics, 29(3), 456-482.
  • Brandt, C. (2006). Allowing for practice: A critical issue in TESOL teacher preparation. ELT Journal, 60(4), 355-364.
  • Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
  • Chandler, P., Robinson, W. P., & Noyes, P. (1988). The level of linguistic knowledge and awareness amongst students training to be primary teachers. Language and Education, 2(3), 161-173.
  • Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. Mouton.
  • Cook, V. (2008). Second language learning and language teaching. Hodder.
  • Copland, F., Mann, S., & Garton, S. (2020). Native‐English‐speaking teachers: disconnections between theory, research, and practice. TESOL Quarterly, 54(2), 348-374.
  • Council of Europe. Council for Cultural Co-operation. Education Committee. Modern Languages Division. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge University Press.
  • Crystal, D. (2007). How language works. Penguin
  • Crystal, D. (2018). The language revolution. John Wiley & Sons.
  • DfEE (1999). The National Curriculum for England:English. London, Department for Education and Employment and the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority
  • DfEE (2014). The National Curriculum framework document. London, Department for Education and Employment and the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority
  • Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford University Press.
  • Duff, T. (1988). Explorations in teacher training: problems and issues. Longman.
  • Ellis, R. (2004). The definition and measurement of L2 explicit knowledge. Language Learning, 54(2), 227-275.
  • Ellis, R. (2005). Measuring implicit and explicit knowledge of a second language: A psychometric study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(2), 141-172.
  • Ferguson, G., & Donno, S. (2003). One‐month teacher training courses: time for a change? ELT Journal, 57(1), 26-33.
  • Gnutzmann, C. (1999). English as a global language: Perspectives for English language teaching and for teacher education in Germany. In C. Gnutzmann (ed.), Teaching and Learning English as a Global Language: Native and non-native perspectives, (pp. 157-169). Stauffenburg.
  • Graus, J., & Coppen, P. A. (2016). Student teacher beliefs on grammar instruction. Language Teaching Research, 20(5), 571-599.
  • Gregg, K. R. (1989). Second language acquisition theory: The case for a generative perspective. In S. M. Gass & J. Schachter (eds.), Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition, (pp. 15-40). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hanks, J. (2017 ). Exploratory practice in language teaching: Puzzling about principles and practices. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Harper, H., & Rennie, J. (2009). 'I had to go out and get myself a book on grammar': a study of pre-service teachers' knowledge about language. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy 32(1), 22-33.
  • Hislam, J., & Cajkler, W. (2005). Teacher trainees’ explicit knowledge of grammar and primary curriculum requirements in England. In N. Bartels (ed.), Applied linguistics and language teacher education, (pp. 295-312). Springer.
  • Hobbs, V. (2013). ‘A basic starter pack’: the TESOL Certificate as a course in survival. ELT Journal 67, 163-174.
  • Hudson. (2016). Grammar instruction. In C. MacArthur, S. Graham, and J. Fitzgerald (eds), Handbook of writing research, (pp. 288-300). Guilford Press
  • Hudson, R., & Walmsley, J. (2005). The English patient: English grammar and teaching in the twentieth century. Journal of Linguistics, 41(3), 593-622.
  • Isbell, D. R., & Rogers, J. (2020). Measuring implicit and explicit learning and knowledge. In D. R. Isbell & J. Rogers (eds.), The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and language testing, (pp. 305-315). Routledge.
  • Jean, G., & Simard, D. (2011). Grammar learning in English and French L2: Students’ and teachers’ beliefs and perceptions. Foreign Language Annals, 44(4), 465-492.
  • Johnson, J., & Poulter, M. (2015). Teachers’ language competence: Issues of appropriation and appropriacy. Assessing Language Teachers' Professional Skills and Knowledge, 42, 179-198.
  • Johnson, K. E., & Golombek, P. R. (2016). Mindful L2 teacher education: A sociocultural perspective on cultivating teachers' professional development. Routledge.
  • Kagan, D. M. (1992). Implication of research on teacher belief. Educational Psychologist, 27(1), 65-90.
  • Kanowski, S. (2004). Helter CELTA: Do short courses equal 'best practice' in teacher training? TESOL in Context, 13(2), 21-27.
  • Larsen-Freeman, D. (2015). Research into practice: Grammar learning and teaching. Language Teaching, 48(2), 263-280.
  • Malderez, A., & Wedell, M. (2007). Teaching teachers: Processes and practices. A & C Black.
  • Myhill, D., Jones, S., & Watson, A. (2013). Grammar matters: How teachers' grammatical knowledge impacts on the teaching of writing. Teaching and Teacher Education, 36, 77-91.
  • Myles, F., & Mitchell, R. (2014). Second language learning theories. Routledge.
  • O.U. (2014). English in the world today. Retrieved from http://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/english-language/english-the-world-today/content-section-4
  • Powell, K. C., & Kalina, C. J. (2009). Cognitive and social constructivism: Developing tools for an effective classroom. Education, 130(2), 241-251.
  • Rampton, M. B. H. (1990). Displacing the ‘native speaker’: expertise, affiliation, and inheritance. ELT Journal, 44(2), 97-101.
  • Senior, R. (2006). The experience of language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Soars, J., & Soars, L. (2006). New Headway Plus: Intermediate. Oxford University Press.
  • Sowton, C. (2012). 50 steps to improving your academic writing: study book. Garnet Pub.
  • Stern, H. H. (1983). Fundamental concepts of language teaching: Historical and interdisciplinary perspectives on applied Linguistic research. Oxford University Press.
  • Svalberg, A. M. L. (2015). Understanding the complex processes in developing student teachers’ knowledge about grammar. The Modern Language Journal, 99(3), 529-545.
  • Sweet. (1892). A new English grammar logical and historical (2 vol.). Claredon Press.
  • Thornbury. (1997). Grammar, power and bottled water. IATEFL Newsletter, 140, 15-16.
  • Thornbury, S. (2018). Learning grammar. In a. Burns, & J. C. Richards (eds.), The Cambridge guide to learning English as a second language, (pp. 183-192). Cambridge University Press
  • Train, R. W. (1993). The (non) native standard language in foreign language, Language Learning, 43, (2), 159-168.
  • Trudgill, P., & Hannah, J. (2013). International English: A guide to the varieties of standard English. Routledge.
  • Tsui, A. (2003). Understanding expertise in teaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Webb, R. (2016). Perceived and actual knowledge about grammar upon commencing pre-service TESOL education. ELT Research Journal, 5(4), 261-277.
  • Williamson, J., & Hardman, F. (1995). Time for refilling the bath?: A study of primary student‐teachers’ grammatical knowledge. Language and Education, 9(2), 117-134.
  • Wiltshier, F. (2011). Researching with NVivo 8. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12, 23-26.
  • Wray, D. (2002). Student-teachers’ knowledge and beliefs about language. In N. Bennett, & C. Carré (eds.), Learning to teach, (pp. 65-86). Routledge.
  • Wright, T. (2002). Doing language awareness. Language in language teacher education 4, 113-130.
  • Wright, T., & Bolitho, R. (1993). Language awareness: A missing link in language teacher education? ELT Journal, 47(4), 292-304.
There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Rhian Webb 0000-0002-1495-0010

Publication Date June 22, 2022
Submission Date February 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Webb, R. (2022). The impact of an explicit grammar knowledge course on the development of grammatical awareness in UK native speakers’ pre-service TESOL education. The Literacy Trek, 8(1), 31-51. https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.1070305

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