Research Article
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Evaluating a task-based lesson plan: A case study of Turkish EFL learners

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 309 - 338, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.1489532

Abstract

The world has seen a rise in the demand for foreign language instruction in recent years, and traditional textbook-based teaching strategies are unlikely to satisfy the demands of today’s students. As a result, the interest in the Task-Based Language Teaching (TBL) approach has increased. This article describes and assesses a newly created, task-based English course that will be incorporated into the curricula. The lesson was designed, pilot-tested and revised before being introduced. This study investigates students’ reactions to a task-based EFL lesson at a Turkish state university. Thirty-two Turkish preparatory students (20 female and 12 male) participated in the study. Learner impressions were investigated through oral and written data elicited through a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and audio recordings of the interaction in the task. The data analysis shows that despite initial hesitations, a TBL lesson brings variety into the EFL classroom; learners prefer learner-directed lessons with more opportunities to express themselves. They also confessed that their academic needs were sufficiently met and felt more independent. The study provides a model TBL lesson for educators to benefit from and inspires them to design their lesson programmes by integrating task-based activities. These results validate the potential of TBL for language learning. Thus, it should be considered an indelible part of EFL syllabi and courses.

Ethical Statement

This research study was conducted with the Research Ethics Committee approval of Gaziantep Islam, Science and Technology University, dated 03.04.202 and numbered 240000697.

References

  • Albino, G. (2017). Improving speaking fluency in a task-based language teaching approach: The case of EFL learners at PUNIV-Cazenga. SAGE Open, 7(2).
  • Alderson, J. C. (1992). Evaluating second language education. Cambridge University Press.
  • Al Kamli, H. M., & Almalki, M. S. (2024). Learning-oriented assessment (LOA) implementation in EFL tertiary contexts: Towards a more task-based learning (TBL) environment. World Journal of English Language, 14(1), 1-8.
  • Almanza Molina, A. L. (2024). Gamification: A tool to improve speaking skill through the TBL approach [Undergraduate thesis]. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Facultad de Humanidades, Departamento de Lenguas, Bogotá D.C.
  • Alvarado, K. A. M., Solórzano, S. J. C., & Arroyo, P. A. A. (2023). Task-based learning in efl teaching: teachers’ perspectives. Revista Científica Arbitrada Multidisciplinaria Pentaciencias, 5(5), 53-65.
  • Bachman, L. F. (2002). Some reflections on task-based language performance assessment. Language Testing, 19(4), 453-476.
  • Byrnes, H. (2002). The role of task and task-based assessment in a content-oriented collegiate foreign language curriculum. Language Testing, 19(4), 419–437.
  • Byrnes, H., Crane, C., H. Maxim, H., & Sprang, K. A. (2006). Taking text to task: Issues and choices in curriculum construction. ITL-International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 152(1), 85-109.
  • Carless, D. (2012). TBLT in EFL settings. In A. Shehadeh & C. A. Coombe (Eds.), Task-Based Language Teaching in Foreign Language Contexts, (pp. 345-358). John Benjamins.
  • Chen, C. (2018). The research on the relationship between task-based language teaching and listening motivation of English majors. In 2017 7th International Conference on Education and Management (ICEM 2017). Atlantis Press.
  • Chen-Jun, W. (2006). Designing communicative tasks for college English courses. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Chongqing Normal University & Yangtze Normal University, China.
  • Chen, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Effects of task-based language teaching (TBLT) approach and language assessment on students’ competences in intensive reading course. English Language Teaching, 12(3), 119-138.
  • Cohen, I. & Manion, L. (1980). Research methods in education. Routledge.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.
  • Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Simon and Schuster.
  • Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language teaching and learning. Oxford University Press.
  • Ellis, R., Basturkmen, H., & Loewen, S. (2002). Doing focus-on-form. System, 30(4), 419-432.
  • Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 83-107.
  • Ellis, R. (2003). Designing a task-based syllabus. RELC Journal, 34(1), 64–81.
  • Ellis, R. (2021). Options in a task-based language-teaching curriculum: An educational perspective. Journal on Task-Based Language Teaching and Learning, 1(1), 11–46.https://doi.org/10.1075/task.00002.ell
  • Ellis, R. (2018). Reflections on Task-Based Language Teaching. Multilingual Matters.
  • Ellis, R. (2009). Task‐based language teaching: Sorting out the misunderstandings. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 221–246.
  • Ellis, R. (2024). Task-based and task-supported language teaching. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 6(4), 1-8.
  • Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2020). Task-based language teaching: Theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
  • Erlam, R. (2016). ‘I’m still not sure what a task is’: Teachers designing language tasks. Language Teaching Research, 20(3), 279-299.
  • Foster, P. (1998). A classroom perspective on the negotiation of meaning. Applied linguistics, 19(1), 1-23.
  • Frost, R. (2004). A task-based approach. Teaching English. British Council. Available at http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/methodology/task_based.shtml
  • Gibbs, G. (1995). The society for research into higher education. Open University Press.
  • Harmer, J. (2001). The practice of English language teaching. Pearson Longman.
  • Hişmanoğlu, M. (2011). An investigation of ELT students’ intercultural communicative competence in relation to linguistic proficiency, overseas experience and formal instruction. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 805-817.
  • Ismaili, M. (2012). The effectiveness of the task-based learning in developing students’ speaking skills in academic settings in the EFL classroom: A study conducted at South East European University (SEEU). 1st Albania International Conference on Education (AICE), 291–299.
  • Ki, W. W. (2000). ICT applications in TBL. In N. Law et al., Changing classrooms & changing schools: A study of good practices in using ICT in Hong Kong schools (pp. 79–91). Friendship Printing.
  • Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (1993). How languages are learned. Oxford University Press.
  • Littlewood, W. (2014). Methodology for teaching ESP. In V. K. Bhatia & S. Bremner (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of language and professional communication (pp. 287–303). Routledge.
  • Long, M. (2014). Second language acquisition and task-based language teaching. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Long, M. H., & Crookes, G. (1993). Comments on Michael H. Long and Graham Crookes’s "Three approaches to task-based syllabus design": The authors respond. TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 729–733.
  • Long, M., & Norris, J. (2000). Task-based teaching and assessment. In M. Byram (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language teaching (pp. 597–603). Routledge
  • McDonough, K., & Chaikitmongkol, W. (2007). Teachers’ and learners’ reactions to a task‐based EFL course in Thailand. TESOL Quarterly, 41(1), 107-132.
  • McDonough, K. (2015). Perceived benefits and challenges with the use of collaborative tasks in EFL contexts. In M. Bygate (Ed.), Domains and directions in the development of TBLT (pp. 225–246). John Benjamins
  • Mislevy, R. J., Steinberg, L. S., & Almond, R. G. (2002). Design and analysis in task-based language assessment. Language Testing, 19(4), 477-496.
  • Munn, P., & Drever, E. (1990). Using questionnaires in small-scale research. A teacher’s guide. The Scottish Council for Research in Education.
  • Norris, J.M. (2009). Task-based teaching and testing. In M.H. Long & C.J. Doughty (Eds.), The Handbook of Language Teaching (pp. 578-594). Wiley.
  • Norris, J. M., Brown, J. D., Hudson, T. D., Bonk, W. (2002). Examinee abilities and task difficulty in task-based second language performance assessment. Language Testing 19 (4), 395-418.
  • Nunan, D. (1989). Designing tasks for the communicative classroom. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nunan, D. (2015). Teaching English to speakers of other languages: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Otake, M. (2016) The role of TBLT in promoting success in adult L2 learning. Journal of Foreign Language Education, 13(1), 1-20.
  • Pica, T., Kanagy, R., & Falodun, J. (1993). Choosing and using communicative tasks for second language instruction. In G. Crookes & S. M. Gass (Eds.), Tasks and language learning: Integrating theory and practice (pp. 9–34). Multilingual Matters.
  • Prabhu, N. S. (1987). Second language pedagogy (Vol. 20). Oxford University Press.
  • Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Richards, J.C. & Rodgers, T. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Seedhouse, P. (1999). Task-based Interaction, ELT Journal, 53/3, 149-156.
  • Shank, R. C., & Cleary, C. (1994). Engines for education. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Shintani, N., & Ellis, R. (2010). The incidental acquisition of English plural–s by Japanese children in comprehension-based and production-based lessons: A process-product study. Studies in second language acquisition, 32(4), 607-637.
  • Sholeh, M. B. (2023). Task-based learning in the classroom for EFL learners: How and why? Journal of Language and Pragmatics Studies, 2(3), 274-281.
  • Skehan, P. (1996). A framework for the implementation of task-based instruction. Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 38–62.
  • Solares, M. E. (2006). TBLT: Challenges and problems in an online course design for teacher development. Available at http://www.cteno.be/www_tblt/2005/download/solares.doc
  • Swan, M. (2005). Legislation by hypothesis: The case of task-based instruction. Applied Linguistics, 26(3), 376-401.
  • Towell, R., & Tomlinson, P. (1999). Language curriculum development research at university level. Language Teaching Research, 3(1), 1-32.
  • Van den Branden, K. (2016). Task-based language teaching. In G. Hall (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of English language teaching (pp. 238-251). Routledge.
  • Van den Branden, K., Bygate, M., & Norris, J. M. (Eds.). (2009). Task-based language teaching: A reader. John Benjamins.
  • Van den Branden, K., Van Gorp, K., & Verhelst, M. (Eds.). (2009). Tasks in action: Task-based language education from a classroom-based perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Weir, C. & Roberts, J. (1994). Evaluation in ELT. Wiley Blackwell.
  • Willis, D. & Willis, J. (2007). Doing Task-Based Teaching. Oxford University Press
  • Willis, J. (1996). A Framework for TBL. Longman
  • Willis, J., & Willis, D. (2013). Doing task-based teaching- Oxford Handbooks For Language Teachers. Oxford University Press.
  • Zhaochun, S. (2015). A tentative study on the task-based teaching of writing to English majors in Chinese settings. English Language Teaching, 8(3), 71-79.
  • Zhao, Y., & Ellis, R. (2022). The relative effects of implicit and explicit corrective feedback on the acquisition of 3rd person-s by Chinese university students: A classroom-based study. Language Teaching Research, 26(3), 361-381.
Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 309 - 338, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.1489532

Abstract

References

  • Albino, G. (2017). Improving speaking fluency in a task-based language teaching approach: The case of EFL learners at PUNIV-Cazenga. SAGE Open, 7(2).
  • Alderson, J. C. (1992). Evaluating second language education. Cambridge University Press.
  • Al Kamli, H. M., & Almalki, M. S. (2024). Learning-oriented assessment (LOA) implementation in EFL tertiary contexts: Towards a more task-based learning (TBL) environment. World Journal of English Language, 14(1), 1-8.
  • Almanza Molina, A. L. (2024). Gamification: A tool to improve speaking skill through the TBL approach [Undergraduate thesis]. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Facultad de Humanidades, Departamento de Lenguas, Bogotá D.C.
  • Alvarado, K. A. M., Solórzano, S. J. C., & Arroyo, P. A. A. (2023). Task-based learning in efl teaching: teachers’ perspectives. Revista Científica Arbitrada Multidisciplinaria Pentaciencias, 5(5), 53-65.
  • Bachman, L. F. (2002). Some reflections on task-based language performance assessment. Language Testing, 19(4), 453-476.
  • Byrnes, H. (2002). The role of task and task-based assessment in a content-oriented collegiate foreign language curriculum. Language Testing, 19(4), 419–437.
  • Byrnes, H., Crane, C., H. Maxim, H., & Sprang, K. A. (2006). Taking text to task: Issues and choices in curriculum construction. ITL-International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 152(1), 85-109.
  • Carless, D. (2012). TBLT in EFL settings. In A. Shehadeh & C. A. Coombe (Eds.), Task-Based Language Teaching in Foreign Language Contexts, (pp. 345-358). John Benjamins.
  • Chen, C. (2018). The research on the relationship between task-based language teaching and listening motivation of English majors. In 2017 7th International Conference on Education and Management (ICEM 2017). Atlantis Press.
  • Chen-Jun, W. (2006). Designing communicative tasks for college English courses. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Chongqing Normal University & Yangtze Normal University, China.
  • Chen, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Effects of task-based language teaching (TBLT) approach and language assessment on students’ competences in intensive reading course. English Language Teaching, 12(3), 119-138.
  • Cohen, I. & Manion, L. (1980). Research methods in education. Routledge.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.
  • Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Simon and Schuster.
  • Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language teaching and learning. Oxford University Press.
  • Ellis, R., Basturkmen, H., & Loewen, S. (2002). Doing focus-on-form. System, 30(4), 419-432.
  • Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 83-107.
  • Ellis, R. (2003). Designing a task-based syllabus. RELC Journal, 34(1), 64–81.
  • Ellis, R. (2021). Options in a task-based language-teaching curriculum: An educational perspective. Journal on Task-Based Language Teaching and Learning, 1(1), 11–46.https://doi.org/10.1075/task.00002.ell
  • Ellis, R. (2018). Reflections on Task-Based Language Teaching. Multilingual Matters.
  • Ellis, R. (2009). Task‐based language teaching: Sorting out the misunderstandings. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 221–246.
  • Ellis, R. (2024). Task-based and task-supported language teaching. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 6(4), 1-8.
  • Ellis, R., Skehan, P., Li, S., Shintani, N., & Lambert, C. (2020). Task-based language teaching: Theory and practice. Cambridge University Press.
  • Erlam, R. (2016). ‘I’m still not sure what a task is’: Teachers designing language tasks. Language Teaching Research, 20(3), 279-299.
  • Foster, P. (1998). A classroom perspective on the negotiation of meaning. Applied linguistics, 19(1), 1-23.
  • Frost, R. (2004). A task-based approach. Teaching English. British Council. Available at http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/methodology/task_based.shtml
  • Gibbs, G. (1995). The society for research into higher education. Open University Press.
  • Harmer, J. (2001). The practice of English language teaching. Pearson Longman.
  • Hişmanoğlu, M. (2011). An investigation of ELT students’ intercultural communicative competence in relation to linguistic proficiency, overseas experience and formal instruction. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 805-817.
  • Ismaili, M. (2012). The effectiveness of the task-based learning in developing students’ speaking skills in academic settings in the EFL classroom: A study conducted at South East European University (SEEU). 1st Albania International Conference on Education (AICE), 291–299.
  • Ki, W. W. (2000). ICT applications in TBL. In N. Law et al., Changing classrooms & changing schools: A study of good practices in using ICT in Hong Kong schools (pp. 79–91). Friendship Printing.
  • Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (1993). How languages are learned. Oxford University Press.
  • Littlewood, W. (2014). Methodology for teaching ESP. In V. K. Bhatia & S. Bremner (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of language and professional communication (pp. 287–303). Routledge.
  • Long, M. (2014). Second language acquisition and task-based language teaching. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Long, M. H., & Crookes, G. (1993). Comments on Michael H. Long and Graham Crookes’s "Three approaches to task-based syllabus design": The authors respond. TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 729–733.
  • Long, M., & Norris, J. (2000). Task-based teaching and assessment. In M. Byram (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language teaching (pp. 597–603). Routledge
  • McDonough, K., & Chaikitmongkol, W. (2007). Teachers’ and learners’ reactions to a task‐based EFL course in Thailand. TESOL Quarterly, 41(1), 107-132.
  • McDonough, K. (2015). Perceived benefits and challenges with the use of collaborative tasks in EFL contexts. In M. Bygate (Ed.), Domains and directions in the development of TBLT (pp. 225–246). John Benjamins
  • Mislevy, R. J., Steinberg, L. S., & Almond, R. G. (2002). Design and analysis in task-based language assessment. Language Testing, 19(4), 477-496.
  • Munn, P., & Drever, E. (1990). Using questionnaires in small-scale research. A teacher’s guide. The Scottish Council for Research in Education.
  • Norris, J.M. (2009). Task-based teaching and testing. In M.H. Long & C.J. Doughty (Eds.), The Handbook of Language Teaching (pp. 578-594). Wiley.
  • Norris, J. M., Brown, J. D., Hudson, T. D., Bonk, W. (2002). Examinee abilities and task difficulty in task-based second language performance assessment. Language Testing 19 (4), 395-418.
  • Nunan, D. (1989). Designing tasks for the communicative classroom. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nunan, D. (2015). Teaching English to speakers of other languages: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Otake, M. (2016) The role of TBLT in promoting success in adult L2 learning. Journal of Foreign Language Education, 13(1), 1-20.
  • Pica, T., Kanagy, R., & Falodun, J. (1993). Choosing and using communicative tasks for second language instruction. In G. Crookes & S. M. Gass (Eds.), Tasks and language learning: Integrating theory and practice (pp. 9–34). Multilingual Matters.
  • Prabhu, N. S. (1987). Second language pedagogy (Vol. 20). Oxford University Press.
  • Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Richards, J.C. & Rodgers, T. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Seedhouse, P. (1999). Task-based Interaction, ELT Journal, 53/3, 149-156.
  • Shank, R. C., & Cleary, C. (1994). Engines for education. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Shintani, N., & Ellis, R. (2010). The incidental acquisition of English plural–s by Japanese children in comprehension-based and production-based lessons: A process-product study. Studies in second language acquisition, 32(4), 607-637.
  • Sholeh, M. B. (2023). Task-based learning in the classroom for EFL learners: How and why? Journal of Language and Pragmatics Studies, 2(3), 274-281.
  • Skehan, P. (1996). A framework for the implementation of task-based instruction. Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 38–62.
  • Solares, M. E. (2006). TBLT: Challenges and problems in an online course design for teacher development. Available at http://www.cteno.be/www_tblt/2005/download/solares.doc
  • Swan, M. (2005). Legislation by hypothesis: The case of task-based instruction. Applied Linguistics, 26(3), 376-401.
  • Towell, R., & Tomlinson, P. (1999). Language curriculum development research at university level. Language Teaching Research, 3(1), 1-32.
  • Van den Branden, K. (2016). Task-based language teaching. In G. Hall (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of English language teaching (pp. 238-251). Routledge.
  • Van den Branden, K., Bygate, M., & Norris, J. M. (Eds.). (2009). Task-based language teaching: A reader. John Benjamins.
  • Van den Branden, K., Van Gorp, K., & Verhelst, M. (Eds.). (2009). Tasks in action: Task-based language education from a classroom-based perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Weir, C. & Roberts, J. (1994). Evaluation in ELT. Wiley Blackwell.
  • Willis, D. & Willis, J. (2007). Doing Task-Based Teaching. Oxford University Press
  • Willis, J. (1996). A Framework for TBL. Longman
  • Willis, J., & Willis, D. (2013). Doing task-based teaching- Oxford Handbooks For Language Teachers. Oxford University Press.
  • Zhaochun, S. (2015). A tentative study on the task-based teaching of writing to English majors in Chinese settings. English Language Teaching, 8(3), 71-79.
  • Zhao, Y., & Ellis, R. (2022). The relative effects of implicit and explicit corrective feedback on the acquisition of 3rd person-s by Chinese university students: A classroom-based study. Language Teaching Research, 26(3), 361-381.
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects English As A Second Language, Language Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Vildan İnci Kavak 0000-0001-7249-9048

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date May 27, 2024
Acceptance Date December 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA İnci Kavak, V. (2024). Evaluating a task-based lesson plan: A case study of Turkish EFL learners. The Literacy Trek, 10(3), 309-338. https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.1489532

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