“İnsan Haklarının Sonu” Tartışmasının Sonu: İnsan Haklarında Kritik Dönüm Noktaları ve Kademeli Değişimler

Year 2024, Issue: 28, 77 - 94, 12.07.2024

Oğuz Kaan Pehlivan

Abstract

Akademi ve uygulayıcılar, insan haklarının önemli bir zorlukla karşı karşıya olduğunu vurgulamaktadır: insan haklarının kademeli bir şekilde aşınması ve sonunun gelmesi. Bu aşınma, insan haklarının güvenlik ile haklar ve özgürlükler arasındaki dengeyi yeniden düşünmeye yol açmış ve değişen siyasi dinamikler karşısında insan haklarının ne kadar güvenilir olduğu konusunda endişeleri artırmıştır. Azınlık ve marjinal gruplar, ayrımcılık ve sistematik zulümden muzdarip olurken, kontrol teknolojilerinin ve otoriter yönetimlerin yükselişi bu zorlukları daha da kötüleştirmektedir. 11 Eylül sonrası dönemde, işkence ve insanlık dışı muamelenin meşruiyeti üzerine yaşanan tartışmalar ile güvenlik gereksinimleri nedeniyle alınan aşırı tedbirler, “insan haklarının sonu” tartışmasını öne çıkarmıştır. Esasında “İnsan haklarının sonu” tartışması oldukça yanıltıcı. Zira teknolojik gelişmeler ve tarihsel trendler bu tartışmanın aksi yönünde veriler sunmaktadır. İnsan hakları tarihi, iki farklı şekilde insan hakları alanında tutarlı ve sürekli ilerlemeler kaydedildiğini göstermektedir: i) kritik dönüm noktaları (critical junctures) olan siyasi kararlarla ve ii) mahkeme ve BM komisyon kararları ve insan hakları konusunda çalışan çoğu STK’ların çabalarıyla gerçekleşen kademeli değişimlerle (incremental changes).

Keywords

insan haklarının sonu, 11 Eylül sonrası güvenlik önlemleri, kritik dönemeçler olarak siyasi kararlar, kademeli ilerlemeler olarak yargı kararları, hesap verebilirlik mekanizmaları, insan haklarının tarihi trendleri

END OF “END OF HUMAN RIGHTS” DEBATE: CRITICAL JUNCTURES AND INCREMENTAL CHANGES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Abstract

Many scholars emphasize that human rights face a major challenge: the gradual erosion and end of human rights. This erosion has led to a rethinking of the balance between security and rights and freedoms, and raised concerns about how reliable human rights are in the face of changing political dynamics. Minority and marginalized groups suffer from discrimination and systematic persecution, while the rise of control technologies and authoritarian regimes exacerbate these challenges. The post-9/11 era was thought to be the “end of human rights” as debates over the legitimacy of measures such as torture were driven by security needs. However, technological developments and historical trends suggest otherwise. Human rights have experienced (i) critical junctures through political decisions, and (ii) incremental changes through judicial protections and activism by civil society organizations, which both lead to empower the understanding and application of human rights. The debate about the “end of human rights” continues but is essentially misleading. However, the changes that have occurred in the history of human rights demonstrate consistent and continuous progress, driven by political and judicial decisions.

Keywords

end of human rights, Post-9/11 security measures, political decisions as critical junctures, judicial protections as incremental changes, accountability mechanisms, historical trends of human rights

Ethical Statement

There is no requirement of Ethics Committee Approval for this study.

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