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Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods
Abstract
This study investigates the characterization of the wall paint layers of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church, a Byzantine-period rock-cut structure located in the Peristrema area of Ihlara Valley, Cappadocia. To identify the paint layers, the stratigraphy and composition of cross-sections and powdered samples were analyzed using ESEM-EDX (Philips-FET XL 3D-ESEM-FEG OXFORD X MAX 80 mm² X-ray Detector/INCA software) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The ESEM-EDX and FTIR results indicate that the pigments used are predominantly shades of red, green, and yellow ochre. The analysis of the dark blue paint sample shows that carbon black was mixed with gypsum. A detailed examination of the blue paint sample reveals a gray-blue tone achieved by mixing carbon black, smalt, ultramarine, and caput mortuum. Pure gypsum was used for the achieve white. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of using ESEM-EDX and FTIR methods for characterizing the stratigraphy of paint layers are discussed.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
Getty Konservasyon Enstitüsü
Thanks
All analyses were conducted in 2012 at the laboratories of the Science Department of the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) in Los Angeles, United States. The selection of samples and methods was supervised by Prof. Dr. Giacomo Chiari, who was the Head of the GCI Science Department in 2012. The ESEM-EDX analyses were carried out with Dr. David Carson, General Director of the GCI Science Department, and the FTIR analyses were performed with Dr. Lee Lym, Assistant Scientist at the GCI Science Department.
References
- Restle 1967 I Marcell Restle, Byzantine Wall Painting in Asia Minor I, Germany, 1967.
- Restle 1967 III Marcell Restle, Byzantine Wall Painting in Asia Minor III, Germany, 1967.
- Kostof 1989 Spiro Kostof, Caves of God Cappadocia and its Churches, Oxford, 1989.
- Ulusoy-Günözü 2021 H. Günözü Ulusoy, “Doğudan Batıya Yükselen Eski Uygarlıklarda Arkeolojik ve Sanatsal Yansımalar ile Etkileşimler” Ihlara Vadisi (Peristrema) Bizans Dönemi Duvar Resmi Yapım Teknikleri, Ed. İ. Çeşmeli- C. Berkant, Ankara, 2021, 139-179.
- Ulusoy-Günözü 2017 H. Günözü Ulusoy, “Kapadokya Bölgesi Ihlara Vadisi Kireç Bağlayıcılı Duvar Resmi Yapım Teknikleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Ölümünün 50. Yılında Uluslararası M. Fuad Köprülü Türkoloji ve Beşeri Bilimler Sempozyumu (21-22 Kasım 2016) Bildirileri, İstanbul, 2017, 271-294.
- Günözü 2014 H. Günözü, Kapadokya Bölgesi Duvar Resmi Sıvalarının Korunmasında Kullanılan Enjeksiyon Malzemelerinin Araştırılması ve Geliştirilmesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, 2014.
- Ulusoy-Günözü 2016 H. Günözü, “Kapadokya Bölgesi, Ihlara Vadisi (Peristrema) Bizans Dönemi Bahattin Samanliği Kilisesi, Saint George (Kırkdamaltı) Kilisesi ve Direkli Kilise Duvar Resimlerinin Taşıyıcı (Sıva-Duvar) Karakterizasyonu”, Art-Sanat, 5, 2016, 25-46.
- Cheilakou-Troullinos-Koui 2014 E. Cheilakoua-M. Troullinos-M. Kouia “Identification of Pigments on Byzantine Wall Paintings from Crete (14th century AD) using Non-Invasive Fiber Optics Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS)”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 41, 2014, 541-555.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Architectural Heritage and Conservation
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
June 28, 2025
Submission Date
October 25, 2024
Acceptance Date
June 21, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2025 Number: 11
APA
Günözü Ulusoy, H. (2025). Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods. Lycus, 11, 52-70. https://doi.org/10.54577/lycus.1573938
AMA
1.Günözü Ulusoy H. Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods. Lycus. 2025;(11):52-70. doi:10.54577/lycus.1573938
Chicago
Günözü Ulusoy, Hande. 2025. “Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods”. Lycus, nos. 11: 52-70. https://doi.org/10.54577/lycus.1573938.
EndNote
Günözü Ulusoy H (June 1, 2025) Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods. Lycus 11 52–70.
IEEE
[1]H. Günözü Ulusoy, “Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods”, Lycus, no. 11, pp. 52–70, June 2025, doi: 10.54577/lycus.1573938.
ISNAD
Günözü Ulusoy, Hande. “Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods”. Lycus. 11 (June 1, 2025): 52-70. https://doi.org/10.54577/lycus.1573938.
JAMA
1.Günözü Ulusoy H. Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods. Lycus. 2025;:52–70.
MLA
Günözü Ulusoy, Hande. “Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods”. Lycus, no. 11, June 2025, pp. 52-70, doi:10.54577/lycus.1573938.
Vancouver
1.Hande Günözü Ulusoy. Analyses of Saint George (Kirk Dam Alti) Church Paint Layers Using ESEM-EDX&FTIR Methods. Lycus. 2025 Jun. 1;(11):52-70. doi:10.54577/lycus.1573938