Research Article
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Physical activity level during COVID-19 global pandemic and its relation to well-being

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 27 - 35, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.24998/maeusabed.876017

Abstract

Many countries implemented lockdowns to prevent the spread of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Turkey is one of these countries where people were obliged to experience altered daily routines in May 2020. We aimed to identify physical activity level and well-being of people during COVID-19 outbreak and investigate the relationship among them. An on-line questionnaire was used to obtain data regarding descriptive characteristics and exercise habits. Individuals volunteered to participate in the study filled the questionnaire published in an on-line survey platform (Google Forms) in May 2020. Physical activity level was questioned and well-being of the individuals was measured by WHO-5 Well Being Index. Spearman and Kendall analyses were used. The survey was completed by 378 adults. Approximately three quarters (75.1%) of participants self-reported that they did not do any vigorous physical activity and nearly half of them (48.1%) self-reported not to do any moderate physical activity. Well Being Score was positively correlated with vigorous physical activity (days per week) (p=0.039, r=0.106). Our results showed that increased physical activity level is associated with improved well-being in adults. Effective strategies such as doing regular physical exercise should be used to decrease negative effects of pandemic on well-being and physical activity level.

References

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  • Bech, P., 1999. Health-related quality of life measurements in the assessment of pain clinic results. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 43(9), 893-896.
  • Bhasin, A., Nam, H., Yeh, C., Lee, J., Liebovitz, D., Achenbach, C., 2020. Is BMI higher in younger patients with COVID-19? Association between BMI and COVID-19 hospitalization by age. Obesity 28, 1811-1814.
  • Burtscher, J., Burtscher, M., Millet, G.P., 2020. (Indoor) isolation, stress and physical inactivity: vicious circles accelerated by Covid-19? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 30, 1544-1545.
  • Cheval, B., Sivaramakrishnan, H., Maltagliati, S., Fessler, L., Forestier, C., Sarrazin, P., Orsholits, D., Chalabaev, A., Sander, D., Ntoumanis, N., Boisgontier, M.P., 2020. Relationships between changes in self-reported physical activity, sedentary behaviours and health during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in France and Switzerland. Journal of Sports Sciences, in press (Doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1841396).
  • Eser, E., Çevik, C., Baydur, H., Güneş, S., Esgin, T. A., Öztekin, Ç. S., Eker, E., Gümüşsoy, U., Eser, G. B., Özyurt, B., 2019. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the WHO-5, in adults and older adults for its use in primary care settings. Primary Health Care Research & Development 20, e100.
  • Hall, G., Laddu, D.R., Phillips, S.A., Lavie, C.J., Arena, R., 2020. A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, in press (Doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005).
  • Hussain, A., Mahawar, K., Xia, Z., Yang, W., El-Hasani, S., 2020. Obesity and mortality of COVID-19. Meta-analysis. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 14(4), 295-300.
  • Ilardi, A., Politi, C., Ciarambino, T., 2020. COVID-19: could sex and age be a risk factor? Minerva Medica, in press (Doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.06705-1). Lesser, I.A., Nienhuis, C.P., 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(11), 3899.
  • Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., Biddle, S., 2016. Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics 138(3), e20161642.
  • Matthews, C.E., Hebert, J.R., Ockene, I.S., Saperia, G., Merriam, P.A., 1997. Relationship between leisure-time physical activity and selected dietary variables in the Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(9), 1199-1207.
  • Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D'Agata, V., Palma, A., Di Rosa, M., Musumeci, G., 2020. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon 6 (6), e04315.
  • Nieman, D.C., Wentz, L.M., 2019. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of Sport and Health Science 8 (3): 201-217.
  • Nilsson, K.W., Leppert, J., Simonsson, B., Starrin, B., 2010. Sense of coherence and psychological well-being: improvement with age. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 64(4), 347-352.
  • Noor, N.M., 2008. Work and women's well-being: religion and age as moderators. Journal of Religion and Health 47(4), 476-490.
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  • Ramirez, V., Shokri-Kojori, E., Cabrera, E.A., Wiers, C.E., Merikangas, K., Tomasi, D., Schuch, F. B., Bulzing, R. A., Meyer, J., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Grabovac, I., Willeit, P., Tavares, V., Calegaro, V. C., Deenik, J., López-Sánchez, G. F., Veronese, N., .......Smith, L. (2020). Associations of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior with depressive and anxiety symptoms in self-isolating people during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Brazil. Psychiatry Research 292, 113339.
  • Silvestri, M., 2020. COVID-19: too little, too late?. Lancet 395 (10226), 755.
  • Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O'Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, R., 2020. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery 76, 71-76.
  • Stanton, R., To, Q. G., Khalesi, S., Williams, S. L., Alley, S. J., Thwaite, T. L., Fenning, A. S., Vandelanotte, C., 2020. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(11), 4065.
  • Tittlbach, S.A., Jekauc, D., Schmidt, S.C.E., Woll, A., Bös, K., 2017. The relationship between physical activity, fitness, physical complaints and BMI in German adults - results of a longitudinal study. European Journal of Sport Science 17(8), 1090-1099.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., Ho, R.C., 2020. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(5), 1729.
  • World Health Organization, 2010. Global recommendations on physical activity for health: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44399/9789241599979_eng.pdf?sequence=1. (Accessed on: May 1, 2020)
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 1998. Wellbeing measures in primary health care/ the DepCare project. Geneva: World Health Organization: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/130750/E60246.pdf. (Accessed on: Oct 1, 2020).
Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 27 - 35, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.24998/maeusabed.876017

Abstract

References

  • Akoğlu, H., 2018. User's guide to correlation coefficients. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine 18(3), 91-93.
  • Bech, P., 1999. Health-related quality of life measurements in the assessment of pain clinic results. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 43(9), 893-896.
  • Bhasin, A., Nam, H., Yeh, C., Lee, J., Liebovitz, D., Achenbach, C., 2020. Is BMI higher in younger patients with COVID-19? Association between BMI and COVID-19 hospitalization by age. Obesity 28, 1811-1814.
  • Burtscher, J., Burtscher, M., Millet, G.P., 2020. (Indoor) isolation, stress and physical inactivity: vicious circles accelerated by Covid-19? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 30, 1544-1545.
  • Cheval, B., Sivaramakrishnan, H., Maltagliati, S., Fessler, L., Forestier, C., Sarrazin, P., Orsholits, D., Chalabaev, A., Sander, D., Ntoumanis, N., Boisgontier, M.P., 2020. Relationships between changes in self-reported physical activity, sedentary behaviours and health during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in France and Switzerland. Journal of Sports Sciences, in press (Doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1841396).
  • Eser, E., Çevik, C., Baydur, H., Güneş, S., Esgin, T. A., Öztekin, Ç. S., Eker, E., Gümüşsoy, U., Eser, G. B., Özyurt, B., 2019. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the WHO-5, in adults and older adults for its use in primary care settings. Primary Health Care Research & Development 20, e100.
  • Hall, G., Laddu, D.R., Phillips, S.A., Lavie, C.J., Arena, R., 2020. A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, in press (Doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005).
  • Hussain, A., Mahawar, K., Xia, Z., Yang, W., El-Hasani, S., 2020. Obesity and mortality of COVID-19. Meta-analysis. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 14(4), 295-300.
  • Ilardi, A., Politi, C., Ciarambino, T., 2020. COVID-19: could sex and age be a risk factor? Minerva Medica, in press (Doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.20.06705-1). Lesser, I.A., Nienhuis, C.P., 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(11), 3899.
  • Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., Biddle, S., 2016. Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics 138(3), e20161642.
  • Matthews, C.E., Hebert, J.R., Ockene, I.S., Saperia, G., Merriam, P.A., 1997. Relationship between leisure-time physical activity and selected dietary variables in the Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(9), 1199-1207.
  • Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D'Agata, V., Palma, A., Di Rosa, M., Musumeci, G., 2020. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon 6 (6), e04315.
  • Nieman, D.C., Wentz, L.M., 2019. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of Sport and Health Science 8 (3): 201-217.
  • Nilsson, K.W., Leppert, J., Simonsson, B., Starrin, B., 2010. Sense of coherence and psychological well-being: improvement with age. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 64(4), 347-352.
  • Noor, N.M., 2008. Work and women's well-being: religion and age as moderators. Journal of Religion and Health 47(4), 476-490.
  • Olsson, S.J., Ekblom, Ö., Andersson, E., Börjesson, M., Kallings, L.V., 2016. Categorical answer modes provide superior validity to open answers when asking for level of physical activity: A cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 44(1), 70-76.
  • Ramirez, V., Shokri-Kojori, E., Cabrera, E.A., Wiers, C.E., Merikangas, K., Tomasi, D., Schuch, F. B., Bulzing, R. A., Meyer, J., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Grabovac, I., Willeit, P., Tavares, V., Calegaro, V. C., Deenik, J., López-Sánchez, G. F., Veronese, N., .......Smith, L. (2020). Associations of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior with depressive and anxiety symptoms in self-isolating people during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Brazil. Psychiatry Research 292, 113339.
  • Silvestri, M., 2020. COVID-19: too little, too late?. Lancet 395 (10226), 755.
  • Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O'Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, R., 2020. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery 76, 71-76.
  • Stanton, R., To, Q. G., Khalesi, S., Williams, S. L., Alley, S. J., Thwaite, T. L., Fenning, A. S., Vandelanotte, C., 2020. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(11), 4065.
  • Tittlbach, S.A., Jekauc, D., Schmidt, S.C.E., Woll, A., Bös, K., 2017. The relationship between physical activity, fitness, physical complaints and BMI in German adults - results of a longitudinal study. European Journal of Sport Science 17(8), 1090-1099.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., Ho, R.C., 2020. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(5), 1729.
  • World Health Organization, 2010. Global recommendations on physical activity for health: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44399/9789241599979_eng.pdf?sequence=1. (Accessed on: May 1, 2020)
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 1998. Wellbeing measures in primary health care/ the DepCare project. Geneva: World Health Organization: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/130750/E60246.pdf. (Accessed on: Oct 1, 2020).
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Tomruk 0000-0002-3941-816X

Melda Soysal Tomruk 0000-0003-2773-5536

İsmail Çalık 0000-0002-7122-4947

Publication Date April 30, 2021
Submission Date February 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tomruk, M., Soysal Tomruk, M., & Çalık, İ. (2021). Physical activity level during COVID-19 global pandemic and its relation to well-being. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute, 9(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.24998/maeusabed.876017
AMA Tomruk M, Soysal Tomruk M, Çalık İ. Physical activity level during COVID-19 global pandemic and its relation to well-being. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute. April 2021;9(1):27-35. doi:10.24998/maeusabed.876017
Chicago Tomruk, Murat, Melda Soysal Tomruk, and İsmail Çalık. “Physical Activity Level During COVID-19 Global Pandemic and Its Relation to Well-Being”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute 9, no. 1 (April 2021): 27-35. https://doi.org/10.24998/maeusabed.876017.
EndNote Tomruk M, Soysal Tomruk M, Çalık İ (April 1, 2021) Physical activity level during COVID-19 global pandemic and its relation to well-being. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute 9 1 27–35.
IEEE M. Tomruk, M. Soysal Tomruk, and İ. Çalık, “Physical activity level during COVID-19 global pandemic and its relation to well-being”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 27–35, 2021, doi: 10.24998/maeusabed.876017.
ISNAD Tomruk, Murat et al. “Physical Activity Level During COVID-19 Global Pandemic and Its Relation to Well-Being”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute 9/1 (April 2021), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.24998/maeusabed.876017.
JAMA Tomruk M, Soysal Tomruk M, Çalık İ. Physical activity level during COVID-19 global pandemic and its relation to well-being. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute. 2021;9:27–35.
MLA Tomruk, Murat et al. “Physical Activity Level During COVID-19 Global Pandemic and Its Relation to Well-Being”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute, vol. 9, no. 1, 2021, pp. 27-35, doi:10.24998/maeusabed.876017.
Vancouver Tomruk M, Soysal Tomruk M, Çalık İ. Physical activity level during COVID-19 global pandemic and its relation to well-being. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute. 2021;9(1):27-35.