Evaluation of Treatment of Patients with SARS-CoV-2 in line with Literature

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 49 - 58, 30.08.2020

Numan Karaarslan , Mustafa Dogan Ibrahim Yilmaz , Bulent Bılır Fatma Hacıoglu , Lutfi Onar Hanefi Özbek

https://doi.org/10.35514/mtd.2020.29

Abstract

Aim: The present article aimed to evaluate the drug therapy applied to patients who were followed up for SARS-CoV-2, and who were tested positive and negative 2019-nCov.
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive and systematic literature search of numerous electronic databases regarding patients SARS-CoV-2 was performed.
Results: Patients with 2019-nCoV can be treated with ceftriaxone, moxifloxacin, oseltamivir, hydroxychloroquine, and patients with poor prognosis can also be given lopinavir/ritonavir.
Conclusion: Not only rRT-qPCR test results and CT findings but also clinical evidence should be considered for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords

COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir/ritonavir, oseltamivir, SARS-CoV-2

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

SARS-CoV-2 Tanısı ile Takip Edilen Olguların Tedavisinin Literatür Eşliğinde Sistematik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Amaç: SARS-CoV-2 tanısı ile takip Edilen, 2019-nCov testi için pozitif ve negatif sonuçlar alınan olgulara uygulanan ilaç tedavisinin literatür eşliğinde değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı.
Materyal ve Metotlar: Elektronik ortamda; 2019-nCoV nedeni ile SARS-CoV-2 tanısı ile takip edilen olgulara ait verilerin, ülke ve dil kısıtlaması olmaksızın literatürde yerini alan araştırma sonuçları ile kıyaslanması gerçekleştirildi.
Bulgular: Seftriakson, moksifloksasin, oseltamivir, hidroksiklorokin ve prognozu kötüye giden olgularda, gerektiğinde lopinavir/ritonavir etken maddeli farmasötikler ile 2019-nCoV’un tedavi edilebileceği gözlemlendi.
Sonuç: SARS-CoV-2 tanısı için sadece rRT-qPCR testi ya da radyolojik olarak CT bulguları ile karar verilmemelidir. Her iki analiz sonuçlarına ek olarak klinik bulgular ile ortak paydada karar verilerek, tanı sonrası uygun tedavi modaliteleri düzenlenmelidir.

Keywords

COVID-19, hidroksiklorokin, lopinavir/ ritonavir, oseltamivir, SARS-CoV-2

Project Number

-

References

• 1. ICD-10-CM Official Coding Guidelines - Supplement Coding encounters related to COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak Effective: February 20, 2020, Accessed on 28.03.2020. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd/ICD-10-CM-Official-Coding-Gudance-Interim-Advice-coronavirus-feb-20-2020.pdf
• 2. COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology and Case Management Team, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Early Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 28 Cases of Coronavirus Disease in South Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2020;11(1): 8-14.
• 3. Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. Accessed on 27.03.2020. https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6.
• 4. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19- 11 March 2020. Accessed on 28.03.2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
• 5. Coronavirus: Europe now epicentre of the pandemic, says WHO. Accessed on 28.03.2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51876784
• 6. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25(3): 278-80.
• 7. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(10): 970-1.
• 8. Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9(1): 29.
• 9. Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol Accessed on 27 March 2020. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmv.25728
• 10. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ 11. Karaarslan N, Yilmaz I, Ozbek H, et al. Systematic Evaluation of Promising Clinical Trials-Gene Silencing for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Turk Neurosurg 2019; 29(3): 328-34.
• 12. Topuk S, Akyuva Y, Karaaslan N, et al. Is it Possible to Treat Osteosarcoma Using Oligonucleotides Confined into Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems? Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2017; 18(6): 516-22.
• 13. Lippi G, Simundic AM, Plebani M. Potential preanalytical and analytical vulnerabilities in the laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/cclm/ahead-of-print/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-0285/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-0285.xml?tab_body=pdf-69320
• 14. Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci 2020; 63(3): 457-60.
• 15. Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Imaging Findings in 919 Patients. AJR 2020; 215: 1-7.
• 16. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20: 425-34.
• 17. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID19) pneumonia. Radiology 2020; 1-20.
• 18. Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Muller NL, Remy J. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 2008; 246: 697–722.
• 19. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395: 497–506.
• 20. Li K, Wu J, Wu F, et al. The clinical and chest CT features associated with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia. Invest Radiol 2020; 1-29.
• 21. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. Emerging coronavirus 2019- nCoV pneumonia. 2020; 295(1): 210-7.
• 22. Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, et al. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection. Radiology 2020; 1-19.
• 23. Wu J, Wu X, Zeng W, et al. Chest CT findings in patients with corona virus disease 2019 and its relationship with clinical features. Invest Radiol 2020; 55(5): 257-61.
• 24. Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet 2020; 21; 395(10228): 931-4.
• 25. Keskin ED, Seckin U, Bodur H, Ozcan M, Ikinciogullari A. Ototoxicity due to antimalarial therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Two case reports. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2008; 54: 27-9.
• 26. Melikoglu MA, Melikoglu M, Gurbuz U, Budak BS, Kacar C. Hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation: a case report. J Clin Pharm Ther 2008; 33(6): 699-701.
• 27. Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Wailoo A, Turner D, Nicholson KG. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment and prevention of influenza A and B: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2003; 326(7401): 1235.
• 28. Zondagh J, Basson AE, Achilonu I, Morris L, Dirr HW, Sayed Y. Drug susceptibility and replication capacity of a rare HIV-1 subtype C protease hinge region variant. Antivir Ther 2019; 24(5): 333-42.
• 29. OʼKelly B, Murtagh R, Lambert JS. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of HIV Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Ther Drug Monit 2020; 42(2): 229-44.
• 30. Kohno S, Tateda K, Kadota J, et al. Contradiction between in vitro and clinical outcome: intravenous followed by oral azithromycin therapy demonstrated clinical efficacy in macrolide-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20(3): 199-207.
• 31. Gouveia PA, Ferreira ECG, Cavalcante Neto PM. Organizing Pneumonia Induced by Tocilizumab in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cureus 2020; 12(2): e6982.
• 32. Fang QQ, Huang WJ, Li XY, et al. Effectiveness of favipiravir (T-705) against wild-type and oseltamivir-resistant influenza B virus in mice. Virology 2020; 545: 1-9.
• 33. Baranovich T, Wong SS, Armstrong J, et al. T-705 (favipiravir) induces lethal mutagenesis in influenza A H1N1 viruses in vitro. J Virol 2013; 87(7): 3741-51.
• 34. Kiso M, Takahashi K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, et al. T-705 (favipiravir) activity against lethal H5N1 influenza A viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107(2): 882-7.
• 35. Watanabe T, Kiso M, Fukuyama S, et al. Characterization of H7N9 influenza A viruses isolated from humans. Nature 2013; 501(7468): 551-5.
• 36. Nguyen TH, Guedj J, Anglaret X, et al. Favipiravir pharmacokinetics in Ebola-Infected patients of the JIKI trial reveals concentrations lower than targeted. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11(2) :e0005389.
• 37. Avigan Tablet 200 mg. https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000210319.pdf
• 38. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health, Favipiravir 200 mg Tablet - Covid-19 (SARS-CoV2 Infection). Accessed on 26.03.2020. https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/36985,favipiravir-200-mg-tablet-26032020pdf.pdf?0
• 39. Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 20:105949.
• 40. Sun T, Guan J. Novel Coronavirus and Central Nervous System. Eur J Neurol Accessed on: 26 March 2020 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ene.14227
• 41. Lippi G, Plebani M. Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 505:190-1.
• 42. Cao W, Shi L, Chen L, Xu X, Wu Z. Clinical features and laboratory inspection of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in Xiangyang, Hubei. Accessed on 31.03.2020. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.23.20026963v1.full.pdf
• 43. Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Halks Health COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2 Infection) Guide (Scientific Committee Work), Accessed on: 23.03.2020. https://www.sanko.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Saglik-Bakanligi-COVID-19-rehberi-23032020.pdf.pdf.