Investigation of the usability of laurel waste in thermoplastic composite production

Abstract

In this study, the usability of laurel waste in thermoplastic composite production was investigated. After the laurel branch waste and leaf waste were ground and sieved, they were added to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) at a rate of 0-10-20-40% by weight and mixed in an extruder. Then, boards with dimensions of 250x250x3 mm were produced from the mixtures according to the hot press molding technique. As a result of adding branch and leaf flour to neat HDPE, tensile strength decreased. The tensile strength was determined as 22.28 MPa in the HDPE board and 8.6 MPa in the 40% leaf flour added board. As a result of adding branch and leaf flour to neat HDPE, bending strength first increased and then decreased. The highest flexural strength was determined as 30.3 MPa with 10% leaf flour additive, and the lowest bending strength was determined as 21.68 MPa with 40% leaf flour additive. According to Shore D test results, branch flour and leaf flour increased the hardness of neat HDPE. According to the thermal analysis results, it was seen that the effect of branch flour and leaf flour on the thermal properties of HDPE was limited. In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that HDPE and branch flour mixed better.

Keywords

• Laurel
• Branch and leaf waste
• Thermoplastic composite
• Mechanical properties

Supporting Institution

Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Office.

Project Number

2023-TYL-FEBE-0010

Defne atıklarının termoplastik kompozit üretiminde kullanılabilirliğinin araştırılması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, defne atıklarının termoplastik kompozit üretiminde kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Defne dal atığı ve yaprak atığı öğütülüp elendikten sonra, ağırlıkça %0-10-20-40 oranında yüksek yoğunluklu polietilen’e (YYPE) eklenerek ekstruderde karıştırıldı. Daha sonra, karışımlardan sıcak pres kalıplama tekniğine göre 250x250x3 mm ebatlarında levhalar üretildi. Saf YYPE’ye dal ve yaprak unu eklenmesi sonucunda çekme direnci azaldı. Çekme direnci YYPE levhada 22,28 MPa, %40 yaprak unu katkılı levhada 8,6 MPa olarak belirlendi. Saf YYPE’ye dal ve yaprak ununun eklenmesi sonucunda eğilme dirençleri önce arttı, sonra azaldı. En yüksek eğilme direnci %10 yaprak unu katkılısı ile 30.3 MPa, en düşük eğilme direnci %40 yaprak unu katkılısı ile 21.68 MPa olarak belirlendi. Shore D testi sonuçlarına göre dal unu ve yaprak unu saf YYPE’nin sertliğini arttırdı. Termal analiz sonuçlarına göre dal unu ve yaprak ununun YYPE’nin termal özelliklerine etkisinin sınırlı olduğu görüldü. Ayrıca taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) görüntüleri YYPE ile dal ununun daha iyi karıştığını gösterdi.

Keywords

• defne
• atık biyokütle
• termoplastik kompozit
• mekanik özellikler
• Dal ve yaprak atığı

Supporting Institution

İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü.

Project Number

2023-TYL-FEBE-0010

References

1. Acharjee, S. A., Bharali, P., Gogoi, B., Sorhie, V., Walling, B., Alemtoshi. (2023), PHA-based bioplastic: A potential alternative to address microplastic pollution, Water Air Soil Pollut, 234(1), 21, DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-06029-2
2. Altuntaş, E., Arıkan, A. K. (2022), Investigation of expanded perlite usage in wood-plastic composite materials, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 5(2), 142-154, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1208112
3. Altuntaş, E., Yılmaz, E., Salan, T. (2017), Investigation of the effect of high-fibrous filling material on the mechanical properties of wood plastic composites, Turkish Journal of Forestry, 18(3), 258-263, DOI: 10.18182/tjf.308969
4. Ashori, A., Nourbakhsh, A. (2010), Reinforced polypropylene composites: Effects of chemical compositions and particle size, Bioresour. Technol. 101, 2515–2519. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.022
5. ASTM D2240, (2015), Standard test method for rubber property—durometer hardness, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
6. ASTM D4703-16 (2016), Standard practice for compression molding thermoplastic materials into test specimens, plaques, or sheets, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
7. ASTM D638-14 (2014), Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
8. ASTM D790-17 (2017), Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.

9. Bal, B. C. (2022), A research on some mechanical properties of composite material produced with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and wood flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 5(1), 40-49, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1126534
10. Bal, B. C. (2023), Comparative study of some properties of wood plastic composite materials produced with polyethylene, wood flour, and glass flour, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 70-79, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1301384
11. Çetin, N. S., Özmen, N., Narlıoğlu, N., Çavuş, V. (2014), Effect of bark flour on the mechanical properties of HDPE composites, Usak University Journal of Material Sciences, 3(1), 23-32, DOI: 10.12748/uujms.201416497
12. Hosseinihashemi, S. K., Arwinfar, F. (2023), Effect of fungal infection on physico-mechanical resistance of WPC made from thermally treated wood/PP, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 6(1), 90-103, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.1300208
13. Jayaraman, K., Bhattacharyya, D. (2004), Mechanical performance of woodfibre–waste plastic composite materials. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 41(4), 307-319, DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.12.001
14. Klyosov, A. A. (2007), Wood-plastic composites, John Wiley & Sons, DOI: 10.1002/9780470165935
15. Kuan, H. T. N., Tan, M. Y., Shen, Y., Yahya, M. Y. (2021), Mechanical properties of particulate organic natural filler-reinforced polymer composite: A review, Composites and Advanced Materials, 30, DOI: 10.1177/26349833211007502
16. Matuana, L. M., Heiden, P. A. (2004), Wood Composites, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, 12, 521-546, DOI: 10.1002/0471440264.pst474
17. Mu, B., Tang, W., Liu, T., Hao, X., Wang, Q., Ou, R. (2021), Comparative study of high-density polyethylene-based biocomposites reinforced with various agricultural residue fibers, Industrial Crops and Products, 172, 114053
18. Narlıoğlu, N. (2021), Evaluation of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood sanding dust in thermoplastic composite produc, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 4 (1), 9-18, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.927157
19. Narlıoğlu, N., Çetin, N. S., Alma, M. H. (2018a), Effect of black pine sawdust on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 1(1), 38-45, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.433532
20. Narlıoğlu, N., Salan, T., Çetin, N. S., Alma, M. H. (2018b), Evaluation of furniture industry wastes in polymer composite production, Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal, 1(2), 78-85, DOI: 10.33725/mamad.492418
21. Özmen, N., Çetin, N., Narlıoğlu, N., Çavuş, V., Altuntaş, E. (2014). Utilisation of MDF waste for wood plastic composites production, Turkish Journal of Forestry, 15(1), 65-71, DOI: 10.18182/tjf.64025
22. Ramesh, M., Rajeshkumar, L. N., Srinivasan, N., Kumar, D. V., Balaji, D. (2022), Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites, e-Polymers, 22(1), 898-916, DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0080
23. Saxena, M., Morchhale, R. K., Asokan, P., Prasad, B. K. (2008), Plant fiber—industrial waste reinforced polymer composites as a potential wood substitute material, Journal of composite materials, 42(4), 367-384, DOI: 10.1177/0021998307087014
24. Xu, H., Cheng, H., McClements, D. J., Chen, L., Long, J., Jin, Z. (2022), Enhancing the physicochemical properties and functional performance of starch-based films using inorganic carbon materials, Carbohydrate Polymers, 295, 119743, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119743
25. Yao, F., Wu, Q., Lei, Y., Xu, Y. (2008), Rice straw fiber-reinforced high-density polyethylene composite: Effect of fiber type and loading, Industrial crops and products, 28(1), 63-72, DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.01.007
26. Yılmaz, A., Çiftçi, V. (2021), Status of Laurel Plant (Laurus nobilis L.) in Turkey, European Journal of Science and Technology, (22), 325-330, DOI: 10.31590/ejosat. 856195
27. Zakaria, A. M., Jamaludin, M. A., Zakaria, M. N., Hassan, R., Bahari, S. A. (2022a), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) composite mixed with Azadirachta excelsa (Sentang) tree waste flour: Mechanical and physical properties, Earth and Environmental Science, (951), 1, p.012045, DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012045
28. Zakaria, A. M., Jamaludin, M. A., Zakaria, M. Z., Hassan, R., Bahari, S. A. (2022b), Effect of incorporating different types of Sentang tree waste particle on the thermal stability of ood Polymer Composite (WPC), Earth and Environmental Science, (951), 1, p.012077.